区分全同粒子的力学量

给出可以区分两个(或两个以上)全同粒子的情况和区分方法,从而给出更具有操作性的全同性原理     

人工智能的语境论范式探析

人工智能的发展历程中贯穿着鲜明的语境论特征,现有的范式理论已无法对人工智能的发展状况做出正确描述,语境论有望成为人工智能理论发展的新范式。语境论范式的最大特征,就是所有问题都围绕语境问题而展开。人工智能中的语境,可分为表征语境和计算语境。建立在现有范式之上的语境论范式,必然以表征语境和计算语境为主要特征。表征语境与计算语境围绕智能模拟的语境问题逐步走向融合,将是语境论范式下人工智能发展的主要趋势。     

What’s so special about model organisms?

This paper aims to identify the key characteristics of model organisms that make them a specific type of model within the contemporary life sciences: in particular, we argue that the term “model organism” does not apply to all organisms used for the purposes of experimental research. We explore the differences between experimental and model organisms in terms of their material and epistemic features, and argue that it is essential to distinguish between their representational scope and representational target. We also examine the characteristics of the communities who use these two types of models, including their research goals, disciplinary affiliations, and preferred practices to show how these have contributed to the conceptualization of a model organism. We conclude that model organisms are a specific subgroup of organisms that have been standardized to fit an integrative and comparative mode of research, and that it must be clearly distinguished from the broader class of experimental organisms. In addition, we argue that model organisms are the key components of a unique and distinctively biological way of doing research using models.     

Representing with imaginary models: Formats matter

Models such as the simple pendulum, isolated populations, and perfectly rational agents, play a central role in theorising. It is now widely acknowledged that a study of scientific representation should focus on the role of such imaginary entities in scientists’ reasoning. However, the question is most of the time cast as follows: How can fictional or abstract entities represent the phenomena? In this paper, I show that this question is not well posed. First, I clarify the notion of representation, and I emphasise the importance of what I call the “format” of a representation for the inferences agents can draw from it. Then, I show that the very same model can be presented under different formats, which do not enable scientists to perform the same inferences. Assuming that the main function of a representation is to allow one to draw predictions and explanations of the phenomena by reasoning with it, I conclude that imaginary models in abstracto are not used as representations: scientists always reason with formatted representations. Therefore, the problem of scientific representation does not lie in the relationship of imaginary entities with real systems. One should rather focus on the variety of the formats that are used in scientific practice.     

从幻肢痛现象看心理内容的表征问题

幻肢痛现象自十九世纪后期被发现以来,它的作用机制目前并不十分清楚,也没有非常有效的治疗方法。但是这种现象对于认识论研究来说却提供了一个很好的视角。利用心理内容理论可以很好地解释幻肢痛现象,以及心理内容的表征机制,同时也能加深我们对人类认知之谜的了解。     

_n型Hecke代数的一个不可约复表示

设Ｗ＝（Ｗ，Ｓ）是型仿射Ｗｅｙｌ群，Ｈ和分别是型的Ｈｅｃｋｅ代数和扩充Ｈｅｃｋｅ代数．由Ｗ中合ｓ０ｓ１的双边胞腔的分解，可以得到一个Ｗ－图τ．文中讨论了与τ相应的的复表示为平方可积（相应地，反平方可积，调合与反调合）的充要条件，以及与τ相应的Ｈ的复表示为不可约的充要条件，最后，得出与的不可约复表示相对应的代数簇（ＳФ，ＮФ）由２ｎ个孤立点组成．     

交换JB^＊—triples

本文系统地讨论了交换JB*-■riples的一些问题,最后给出一个猜想。     

集值马氏过程的选择定理与表示定理

本文给出了集值马氏过程的表示定理，并讨论了集值马氏性与实值特征马氏性的对应关系。     

对称群标准正交不可约表示矩阵计算新方法的程序化

进一步完善了对称群的标准正交不可约表示矩阵计算新方法，实现了该方法的程序化．该程序可以移植到有关的多电子理论方法计算程序，也可以作为独立的程序用于计算表示矩阵．此外，列出一些简单表示的内禀矩阵．