洛克和霍布斯自由主义思想比较

通过简单分析古典自由主义产生的时代背景,以及他本身的理论表达,以此为前提来分析霍布斯 和洛克的政治思想,并分析他们各自理论中的自由主义因素,进而比较他们政治理论表达的不同以及他们的理 论在自由主义历史发展的影响和它们的历史意义。     

Locke’s construction of the idea of power

I explain Locke’s account of the origin of our idea of power, showing that it concerns the idea of the disposition to act or change, and that this idea is constructed out of the ideas of action or change. I also show how Locke could have modified his account to avoid Hume’s criticism and argue that his neglect to do so reflects a studied neglect of taxonomy, an ambiguity in the notion of capacity, and complications in Locke’s conception of simple ideas. A comparison of the two empiricists reveals that not only do they disagree about the role of reason in the origin of our idea of power, but they are also talking about different ideas. Within the framework of Locke’s account of the origin of the idea of power, I explain why he believes that bodies only provide us with an obscure idea of active power. I conclude by defending his insight that there is a deep connection between the ability to predict and the idea of power.     

前苏联与美国求表皮系数方法的异同

根据射孔完井电模拟以及Locke和Hong数值模拟研究的结果分析了射孔孔径、孔密及射入深度对表皮系数和油井产能的影响,发现使用和Locke曲线所得出的结果基本一致;曲线未考虑孔眼周围压实带的缺点,完全可以用近似公式修正。因为,实际上无法准确知道压实带的厚度及渗透率,准确地考虑这一因素是不可能的;曲线较现有的任何一种曲线都便于查找,至今仍在前苏联广泛使用,那种认为曲线已经过时的说法是缺少根据的,但扩大该曲线的范围和对压实带作修正则是需要的。     

论互换身体的可能：试驳伯纳德·威廉斯

自洛克以来,对个人同一性（Personal identity）的心理说明一直是种重要理论,依照这种理论,我们可以设想不同个体“互换身体”的情况,并且这种情况对心理说明提供了支持。当代学者伯纳德·威廉斯（Bernard Willianrs）对这种理论提出质疑,认为在说明个人同一性问题时,身体要素必不可少。威廉斯的质疑通过反驳互换身体的例子展开,本文将对威廉斯的反驳作出回应,指出该反驳存在的问题,以及为什么在说明我们的存在时,身体的必要性可能并不像威廉斯认为的那样确定。     

浅谈霍布斯与洛克的国际关系哲学的不同

英国思想家霍布斯和洛克从各自的人性观出发,演绎出人类不同的自然状态.在霍布斯看来,人性本恶,自然状态下,由于缺乏公共权力的制约,贪婪、自私的人性使人们之间处于战争状态;而洛克却认为,人是有理性的,人天性并不恶,自然状态下人们是一种自由、平等的关系.二人的思想折射到后来的国际关系理论中去,使国际关系向现实主义和理想主义两个不同的方向发展.     

洛克公民社会思想初探

按照洛克的公民社会思想,"自然状态"虽有美好的一面,但又有恶的、缺陷的一面,因而人们需要在自然法的指导下,走出自然状态,达成契约,构建公民社会,并实行权力分立而分割国家权力,对国家权力进行制约和平衡,以实现"自然状态"中美好的一面,克服其不好的一面。公民社会(国家)因此可能成为人们协议的产物,人们在国家内享有各种权利。这样,就在公民社会与政治国家之间,形成了一个以维护公民权利、自由和平等为目的的良性生态回路,使公民在放弃中实现了索取。     

Locke on measurement

Like many virtuosi in his day, the English philosopher John Locke maintained an active interest in metrology. Yet for Locke, this was no mere hobby: questions concerning measurement were also implicated in his ongoing philosophical project to develop an account of human understanding. This paper follows Locke's treatment of four problems of measurement from the early Drafts A and B of the Essay concerning Human Understanding to the publication of this famous book and its aftermath. It traces Locke's attempt to develop a natural or universal standard for the measure of length, his attempts to grapple with the measurement of duration, as well as the problems of determining comparative measures for secondary qualities, and the problem of discriminating small differences in the conventional measures of his day. It is argued that the salient context for Locke's treatment of these problems is the new experimental philosophy and its method of experimental natural history.     

Lockean superaddition and Lockean humility

This paper offers a new approach to an old debate about superaddition in Locke. Did Locke claim that some objects have powers that are unrelated to their natures or real essences? The question has split commentators. Some (Wilson, Stuart, Langton) claim the answer is yes and others (Ayers, Downing, Ott) claim the answer is no. This paper argues that both of these positions may be mistaken. I show that Locke embraced a robust epistemic humility. This epistemic humility includes ignorance of the real essences of bodies, of the causal processes underlying the production of natural phenomena, and of God's method of creation. I show how this epistemic humility offers strong support for an agnostic response to the question of superaddition. Locke did not intend to claim that bodies either do or do not have properties unrelated to their real essences. Instead, his primary goal in discussing the topic was to emphasize the strict limits to human knowledge.     

试论洛克的财产权观念

洛克的财产权观念具有承上启下的作用,他对于财产权的论证可划分为三个步骤,即神学基础、劳动占有论和政治社会的财产权;这三个步骤中贯穿着经验主义方法论;通过对财产权研究范式的讨论,可见洛克某些观念的深远意义。