贵州省中草药病虫害的现状与防治对策

经过对贵州省中草药病虫害发生与危害调查，26种栽培面积较大的品种共发现害虫47种，病原菌52种，结果表明：白术病毒病、长管蚜，太子参叶斑病，吴茱萸褐天牛，天麻细胸金针虫为近年主要流行病虫害，而农药残留、重金属、亚硝酸盐等有害物质含量的偏高，也严重影响中草药品质，因此防治上在建立完善的植物检疫制度、病虫草害预测预报的同时，加强田间管理，提倡生物防治、物理机械防治、化学防治等有效方法的结合。     

Fecundity of the blood-feeding insectRhodnius prolixus increases in successive periods of egg production

The fecundity of the blood-feeding insect,Rhodnius prolixus, was observed to increase in successive periods of egg production, each period being triggered by a single large blood meal. As previously published, the fecundity of mated animals was significantly higher than that of unmated animals for the first period of egg production. For a second period of egg production, fecundity increased significantly in both mated and unmated animals. By the fourth period, fecundity had returned to first-feed values for mated animals, but remained high for unmated animals, and the fecundity of mated and unmated animals was not significantly different. Thus, during successive periods of egg production, the processes which maintain fecundity of unmated animals below that of mated animals are overcome.     

Detection of toxic metabolites in the hemolymph ofBeauveria bassiana infectedSpodoptera exigua larvae

Highly active metabolites have been detected in the hemolymph of the lepidopteranSpodoptera exigua infected with the mycopathogen,Beauveria bassiana. A combination of phenyl sepharose and CM ion exchange chromatography was utilized to extract the active metabolites from infected hemolymph samples. The active in vivo metabolites, having a molecular mass greater than 10 KDa, were thermolabile and were inactivated by proteinase K. These metabolites were characterized by their ability to disrupt metamorphosis, killing treated larvae at the wandering or pupal stage. Additionally, injection ofS. exigua larvae with active samples caused a reduction in the number of filopodial-producing hemocytes. The biological activities and biochemical properties suggest that novel compounds are produced duringB. bassiana mycosis.     

不同pH对糙海参消化酶活性的影响

研究了不同pH条件下糙海参前肠、中肠及后肠的蛋白酶和淀粉酶比活力的变化.结果表明:1)糙海参前肠和中肠在pH=3,后肠在pH=10时,其蛋白酶的比活力最高;糙海参前肠和中肠蛋白酶的最适pH值在酸性范围,后肠蛋白酶的最适pH值在碱性范围;2)糙海参前肠淀粉酶在pH=3,中肠和后肠淀粉酶在pH=7时,其比活力最高,前肠淀粉酶的最适pH值在酸性范围,中后肠淀粉酶的最适pH值在中性或偏碱性范围;3)糙海参的整个肠道均能消化蛋白质与淀粉,中后肠是淀粉消化的主要场所;4)淀粉酶的比活力高于蛋白酶的比活力,这与其摄食底栖藻与腐屑的食性相吻合.     

First-instar morphology and sexual dimorphism in the gall-inducing scale insect Apiomorpha Rubsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae)

Sexual dimorphism among crawlers of the scale insect family Eriococcidae is reported for the first time. The general morphology of crawlers of the gall-inducing genus Apiomorpha (Eriococcidae) is presented and sexual dimorphism described. Sexual dimorphism appears to be associated with differential dispersal and settling-site preference of the sexes during the crawler stage. First-instar males of the A. pharetrata and A. munita species-groups settle only on the galls induced by their mothers or, in the case of A. munita, also galls of nearby females, whereas female crawlers disperse. Female crawlers of all species of Apiomorpha, and male crawlers of most species, are well suited for air-borne dispersal. It is suggested that sexual dimorphism among crawlers of Apiomorpha, and some other scale insects, is the result of loss or reduction of those morphological features associated with dispersal. In addition, male crawlers of some species of Apiomorpha have sensory structures which may assist in the detection of sex-specific settling sites.     

Protein kinases mediate nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in the insect cell line IPLB-LdFB

The involvement of protein kinases (PKA, PKC and PKB) in nitric oxide (NO)-induced apoptosis with sodium nitroprusside plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine in the IPLB-LdFB cell line from the insect Lymantria dispar was investigated. The presence of protein kinase-like molecules was demonstrated by western blot analysis. The role of the kinases in programmed cell death was analysed in cytofluorimetric experiments by incubating the insect cells with H-89 (a specific inhibitor of PKA), calphostin C (an inhibitor of PKC) or wortmannin (an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase). The results show that PKA is correlated with the induction and PKC and PKB with the prevention of NO-induced insect cell death. Moreover, NO-induced apoptosis involves the release of cytochrome c. Received 15 March 2002; accepted 25 March 2002     

Neuropeptides of the silkworm,Bombyx mori

Six neuropeptides of the silkworm,Bombyx mori, have been isolated and chemically characterized during the past 10 years. They are bombyxin, prothoracicotropic hormone, pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide/melanization-and-reddish-coloration hormone, diapause hormone, eclosion hormone, and adipokinetic hormone. Recent progress in research on these neuropeptides is described.     

Free amino acid composition of the intestinal contents,intestinal cells and hemolymph ofPhilosamia cynthia larvae

Summary Free amino acid composition of the intestinal contents, intestinal cells and hemolymph has been determined in larvae of the mothPhilosamia cynthia. From the hemolymph/lumen concentration ratio, an active transport could be inferred for neutral and basic amino acids. The values of cell/lumen and hemolymph/cell ratios suggested that the active step in the transport mechanism could be localized at the luminal pole of the enterocyte for neutral amino acids (except aromatic amino acids) and at the basolateral pole of the enterocyte for basic amino acids (except arginine).This work was supported by grants from Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and from Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione, Rome. The authors are indebted to Prof. V. Capraro for helpful discussion.     

大袋蛾雌虫性信息素腺细胞的超微结构

<正>用透射电镜研究了大袋蛾性信息素腺细胞的超微结构。每个腺细胞具有一个表皮孔和一个由微绒毛围成的端器,但是没有导管细胞,也没有真正的表皮导管。腺细胞上方的表皮显然是由间细胞分泌形成的。腺细胞的分泌物从端器中经表皮孔而排到体外,所以这进一步证实了大袋蛾的性信息素腺细胞是一类新型的昆虫表皮腺细胞。基于各种昆虫表皮腺细胞的形态和功能,还讨论了昆虫表皮腺细胞的可能的进化途径。     

菜青虫(Pieris rapae)感染苏云金杆菌晶体毒素后中肠上皮细胞的免疫酶标电镜观察

用双相法提纯青虫菌(Bacillus thuringiensis var.galleriae)的晶体,碱解后免疫家兔获晶体蛋白抗体,然后用纯化的晶体感染莱青虫,半小时至1小时取中肠上皮细胞作酶标电镜观察,结果表明仅在细胞膜上看到抗原的存在。