VA菌根对植物抗性的影响研究进展

综述了国外VA菌根影响宿主植物的抗旱性、耐盐性、抗低温性、抗重金属毒害及抗病虫害能力等方面的研究成果,同时提出了VA菌根真菌影响植物抗逆性问题。     

几种野生花卉丛枝菌根发育状况的研究

丛枝菌根是自然界中,植物与真菌形成的分布最广泛的一类互惠共生体。作者对山东省的6种重要野生花卉小黄花菜(Hemerocallis minorMill.)、萱草(Hemerocallis fulvaL.)、琥珀千里光(Senecio ambraceusTurcz.)、矮鸢尾(Iris chamaeiris)、甘野菊(Dendranthema lavandulaefolium)、锦鸡儿(Catagana sinicaRehd.)的AM真菌的侵染状况、典型结构的发育状况以及其根际土壤中AM真菌的孢子密度和根际AM真菌的相对多度和频度进行了研究。结果表明,所调查的6种野生花卉都被AM真菌侵染,且可观察到典型结构泡囊,其根际土壤中AM真菌孢子密度也相当丰富。在本次调查中共分离到了5个属的AM真菌,其中无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属真菌是野生花卉根际AM真菌的优势类群。     

密花石斛菌根菌分离鉴定及其代谢产物的测定

从引自福建的密花石斛根部直接分离，得到真菌一株，经鉴定属镳刀属菌株，在兰花菌根菌种类研究工作中尚属首次报道，将该菌进行液体培养，经检测未发现有维生素Ｂ１，却在其菌丝抽提液和菌培养液明显检测到赤霉素。     

东寨港红树林丛枝菌根真菌侵染和孢子密度及其影响因子研究

丛枝菌根(AM)结构存在于多种红树植物根内,但目前对于红树林中AM真菌的研究还未能完全揭示其存在的原因和状况。研究通过对海南东寨港红树林中不同潮位16种红树植物根内AM侵染情况、AM真菌孢子密度以及土壤理化因子开展调查,以了解东寨港红树林中AM真菌的存在状况及其影响因素。结果表明12种红树植物与AM真菌存在共生关系,其中海漆(Excoecaria agallocha)、许树(Clerodendrum inerme)、水黄皮(Pongamia pinnata)和黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus)侵染率较高,均高于55%;16种植物根际土壤中均检测到AM真菌孢子,每25 g土壤的平均孢子密度为(25.7±2.7)个。方差分析表明,不同宿主植物根内AM侵染情况差异显著;潮位对AM侵染率和孢子密度均具有显著影响,表现为高潮位显著高于中、低潮位,而中低潮位间无显著差异。线性回归分析表明土壤含水率、电导率和有效磷含量可能是影响东寨港红树林生境中AM侵染率和孢子密度的主要土壤因子。     

The significance of mycorrhizas for protective ecosystems

Summary On the basis of the reviews presented in this issue, the ecological significance of mycorrhizal symbioses is discussed. Mycorrhizas may have some importance in the acquisition of mineral nutrients during the productive phase of ecosystems in early stages of succession, but their main role is played during the protective phase of ecosystems in the final stages of succession when most resources are incorporated into biomass. In these successional stages, mycorrhizas short-circuit nutrient cycles by directly reacquiring nutrients in organic form from plant (and fungal) litter, and they may reallocate resources between different plant individuals, preventing loss of resources from the entire ecosystem.     

大气CO2浓度增加对根瘤和菌根活动的影响

大气CO2浓度增加明显促进植物根系与固氮细菌及菌根真菌的共生。CO2浓度增加条件下，根系结瘤量增多，平均瘤重增加，单株固氮活性提高，但固氮比活性的变化在不同物种和不同生长阶段的表现不一致。CO2浓度增加同时还提高菌根在植物根系的侵染率。     

红壤中菌根对柑桔磷肥效应的研究

取第四纪红壤,接种VA菌根真菌(Glomus citricolum)于枳(P(?)ncirus trif(?)liata)实生苗,以不接种为对照,各施用6种磷肥量,共12个处理.1987年和1988年两年重复的盆栽试验证明:(1)在红壤中枳的菌根发育良好,接种菌根真菌4个月后,检查枳实生苗的菌根感染率为30%左右,高的可达39.0%;(2)在红壤中每亩施25—125kg不同量的过磷酸钙对无菌粮枳实生苗的生长效应不明显,而接种菌根真菌后则能显著地促进枳实生苗的生长.4个月中,有菌根枳苗的株高比对照的增长1倍,主干粗度增40%-93%,植株鲜重增3—6倍;(3)菌根使枳苗地上部含磷量比对照多3—5倍;(4)土壤在不灭菌条件下,接种菌根真菌也有一定的效果.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi infection in desert riparian forest and its environmental implications: A case study in the lower reach of Tarim River

This study was conducted on the desert riparian forest along the lower reach of the inland Tarim River, which is located in the arid region of Northwest China. Fifteen plant species in 10 families were collected from five monitoring sections, and examined for the infection ofarbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF）. The impact of different soil factors on AMF infection rate and intensity was compared using the principal component analysis （PCA） method. The results indicate that 11 species are AM and only 4 are non-AM plants. The estimated capacity of AMF infection depends on families of plants and also the parameters （infection rate, infection intensity, fungal spore density） used. The density of fungal spores was relatively higher in Phragmites communis and Populus euphratica in Graminaceae and Salicaceae families, respectively. The infection rate was above 50% in all the AM plants, except Calligonumjunceum. The highest infection rate appeared in Alhagi sparsifolia （97%） and Glycyrrhizainflata （92%）. However, when compared by AMF infection intensity, Tamarix spp. became the top one, followed by Alhagi sparsifolia, and Glycyrrhiza inflata was in the middle range of all the species. The PCA has identified that soil total salt, moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen, total P, available K and pH were closely associated with the AMF infection.     

Biochemical approaches to the study of plant-fungal interactions in arbuscular mycorrhiza

This communication compares some biochemical methods for quantifying colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The degree of mycorrhizal colonization can conveniently be measured by determining fungal specific sterols. AM-colonized plants show a specific synthesis of 24-methylene cholesterol and an enhanced level of campesterol (=24-methyl cholesterol). A gene probe for nitrate reductase, the key enzyme for nitrogen assimilation, has been developed, which allows the monitoring of the distribution of this enzyme in fungi. Among the phytohormones tested, only abscisic acid (ABA) is found at a considerably higher level in AM-colonized plants than in controls. The concentration of ABA is about twenty times higher in spores and hyphae of the AM fungusGlomus than in maize roots. Other phytohormones (auxins, cytokinins) do not show such alterations after mycorrhizal colonization. The roots of gramineous plants become yellow as a result of mycorrhizal colonization. The yellow pigment(s) formed is (are) deposited in larger quantities in the vacuole(s) of the root parenchyma and endodermis cells during the development of the gramineous plants. A substance isolated from such roots has now been identified as a C-14 carotenoid with two carboxylic groups, and named mycorradicin.     

AM真菌对盐碱胁迫下杜梨幼苗生长与生理代谢的影响

【目的】探究接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)对盐碱胁迫下杜梨幼苗生长与生理代谢及耐盐碱能力的影响,为杜梨菌根苗在盐碱地上植被构建中的应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用双因素试验设计,以1年生杜梨实生苗为材料,将幼苗分为AMF(摩西管柄囊霉,Funneliformis mosseae)接种和未接种两组,以Na₂CO₃同时进行盐碱处理(浓度梯度为0、100、200和300 mmol/L),并测定其生长与生理性状。【结果】接种AMF提高了盐碱胁迫下杜梨幼苗的株高生长量(△H)以及生物量积累,与未接种幼苗相比,接种组幼苗的△H和生物量在盐碱胁迫下降低的幅度显著减小。丛枝菌根在一定程度上降低了Na⁺在杜梨根和叶的积累,在3个Na₂CO₃浓度处理下,接种组幼苗根中Na⁺的含量分别比未接种组低10.8%、21.6%和19.4%,从而提高了接种组幼苗根和叶中K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na⁺、Mg²⁺/Na⁺的比值以维持较好的离子平衡状态。接种AMF可以提高盐碱胁迫下杜梨幼苗叶的叶绿素含量,降低脯氨酸和丙二醛在叶中的积累,表明接种AMF可以减轻盐碱胁迫对杜梨造成的离子毒害与过氧化伤害。【结论】AMF直接影响盐碱胁迫下杜梨幼苗生理代谢,提高其光合色素含量,维持其体内离子相对平衡,减少活性氧伤害,从而提高了杜梨幼苗的耐盐碱能力,促进其在盐碱胁迫下的生长。