试论《战争论》对郁达夫政论时评的影响

政论时评是郁达夫后期创作的一个重要方面。从郁达夫的政论时评中可以看出他深受克劳塞维茨《战争论》的影响。表现在他对抗战的政治与军事、军事策略、民众武装、精神力量和战争与经济文化各个方面的看法上。     

充分利用车尔尼系统练习曲的多样性

钢琴学习是一个漫长而复杂的过程,如何尽快完善弹奏技术是每个学生迫切要了解的。而车尔尼系统练习曲丰富多彩,是初、中级技术训练中不可或缺的内容。只有正确的选择使用才能发挥出最大的效能。     

悬而未决的主权决断：重读卡尔·施米特的《政治神学》

卡尔·施米特的《政治神学》通常被认为是对于让·博丹以来的现代主权概念的捍卫和延伸,施米特对主权者的“决断”的强调也在论辩的意义上与实证法学的非人格化立场截然对立。事实上,在这部著作中,施米特的强论辩内部蕴含的恰恰是一种悬而未决的决断：以“决断”来对抗实证主义,作为症候意味着现代政治条件下传统的以天主教会为中介的政治一价值判断已经变得不可能了。政治神学和民族国家政治主权的结合不是对于现代政治困境的解决,而是其最尖锐的表征。     

Realism without tears I: Müller’s Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

The Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies has been and continues to be enormously influential in the physiology, psychology, and philosophy of perception. In simple terms, the Doctrine states that we directly perceive in the first instance the activity of our nerves, rather than properties in the external world. The canonical early statement of the Doctrine by the physiologist Johannes Peter Müller had profound influence on both the philosophy and psychology of the 19^th and early 20^th centuries, especially as reformulated and transmitted by Müller’s student Helmholtz. A common assumption of historical and ongoing debate about the Doctrine has been its supposedly idealist or skeptical implications. What is not commonly recognized is that Müller himself advanced a realist interpretation along lines that would be recognized today as a form of epistemic structural realism. This paper analyzes Müller’s structuralist epistemology in detail and reconstructs his articulation and defense of the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies in its canonical form. Part II argues for the continued importance of the Doctrine and its structuralist interpretation for contemporary psychology, philosophy of perception, and history of philosophy of science.     

关于《远镜说》和《交食历指》中的望远镜

对汤若望的《远镜说》和《交食历指》中有关伽利略望远镜的内容进行了分析，并对当时此类望远镜的构造、原理，和使用中遇到的问题及相应的解决办法等作了介绍与讨论．     

Reception and discovery: the nature of Johann Wilhelm Ritter’s invisible rays

Ultraviolet radiation is generally considered to have been discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter in 1801. In this article, we study the reception of Ritter’s experiment during the first decade after the event—Ritter’s remaining lifetime. Drawing on the attributional model of discovery, we are interested in whether the German physicists and chemists granted Ritter’s observation the status of a discovery and, if so, of what. Two things are remarkable concerning the early reception, and both have to do more with neglect than with (positive) reception. Firstly, Ritter’s observation was sometimes accepted as a fact but, with the exception of C. J. B. Karsten’s theory of invisible light, it played almost no role in the lively debate about the nature of heat and light. We argue that it was the prevalent discourse based on the metaphysics of Stoffe that prevented a broader reception of Ritter’s invisible rays, not the fact that Ritter himself made his findings a part of his Naturphilosophie. Secondly, with the exception of C. E. Wünsch’s experiments on the visual spectrum, there was no experimental examination of the experiment. We argue that theorizing about ontological systems was more common than experimenting, because, given its social and institutional situation, this was the appropriate way of contributing to physics. Consequently, it was less clear in 1810 than in 1801 what, if anything, had been discovered by Ritter.     

论卡尔·威特的早期教育思想

卡尔·威特是19世纪德国教育家。他十分重视家庭教育对孩子成长的作用,提出了全面发展的教育目的,并提出发展儿童智力须抓住关键期,重视儿童身体健康及儿童语言、智力、品行心理素质、学习习惯的培养,教会孩子与人相处,父母要以身作则等。研究卡尔·威特的早期教育思想对我们今天的儿童早期教育仍有启示。     

Carl du Prel (1839–1899): explorer of dreams, the soul, and the cosmos

Nineteenth-century spiritism was a blend of religious elements, the philosophy of mind, science and popular science and contacts with extraterrestrials were a commonplace phenomenon during spiritistic séances. Using the example of Carl du Prel (1839–1899) I show how his comprehensive mystic philosophy originated in a theory of extraterrestrial life. Carl du Prel used a Darwinian and monistic framework, theories of the unconscious and a Neo-Kantian epistemology to formulate a philosophy of astronomy and extraterrestrial life. He claimed that the mechanism of Darwinian selection is responsible for the distribution of stars and the orbits of the planets. In his speculations on the nature of extraterrestrial life he used the concept of organ projection to argue that technical solutions on earth will be realized organically on other planets and claimed that superior extraterrestrials have quantitatively and qualitatively different senses and thus different forms of intuition. A comparison with Camille Flammarion, spiritist and populariser of astronomy, demonstrates the contextual complexities of spiritism. In contrast to du Prel’s sober Neo-Kantian philosophical speculations, Flammarion was a late proponent of a French esoteric tradition that was rooted in romantic socialism, painted grand cosmological vistas and emphasized reincarnation. I put forward the hypothesis that current discourses on extraterrestrial life are affected by the spiritist tradition mainly through the ‘Golden Age’ science fiction literature of the 1940s and 50s and its successors. However, neither Carl du Prel nor Camille Flammarion contributed significantly to this tradition, which is mainly shaped by the psychical research of J. B. Rhine.     

《中国音韵学研究》讹夺举例

《中国音韵学研究》是研究汉语言文字学的重要经典著作之一,它的出版标志着现代音韵学的诞生。但＂古音字类表＂存在的一些讹夺等现象尚未引起前修时贤的关注。现参照《康熙字典》、《广韵》等辞书,分类列举＂古音字类表＂的疏漏现象,并以声母表和韵母表中韵字对应的情况稍加说明。     

Weyl’s ‘agens theory’ of matter and the Zurich Fichte

This paper investigates Hermann Weyl’s reception of philosophical concepts stemming from the German Idealist Johann Gottlieb Fichte. In particular, Weyl’s ‘agens theory’ of matter, which he held around 1925, will be looked at. In the extant literature, the—admittedly also important—influence of Husserl on Weyl has mainly been addressed. Thus, apart from investigating some detailed Fichtean inheritances in Weyl’s concepts of causality, chance and continuity, the general difference which Weyl saw between the philosophies of Fichte and Husserl will also be discussed. For Weyl this is above all a difference between an active constructivism and a rather passive phenomenological seeing (Schau). Further, the paper shows in some detail the way Weyl was drawn into a certain reading of Fichte by his Zurich colleague, the philosopher Fritz Medicus. The methodological frame of the paper is that of Konstellationsforschung, a historical and systematic approach which proves to be particularly fruitful when investigating a (broadly speaking) German Idealist context and which allows special attention to be given to the acting subjects within the constellation under investigation. Conversely, Weyl’s agens theory suggests amendments to this methodology.