The phytotoxins ofMycosphaerella fijiensis,the causative agent of Black Sigatoka disease of bananas and plantains

Black Sigatoka is the most costly to control disease of bananas and plantains in the world. Currently, a worldwide search is underway either to find or to produce cultivars that are disease-resistant or-tolerant. Phytotoxins isolated from the pathogen might facilitate the discovery of such cultivars. Several aromatic compounds from liquid cultures ofMycosphaerella fijiensis, the causal agent of Black Sigatoka disease of bananas and plantains, have been isolated. The most abundant and phytotoxic of these compounds is 2,4,8-trihydroxytetralone, which induces necrotic lesions at 5 g/5 l in less than 12 h on sensitive cultivars of bananas. This compound exhibits host-selectivity that mimics that of the pathogen. Other phytotoxins isolated from this fungus, in lesser amounts, were juglone, the novel compound 2-carboxy-3-hydroxycinnamic acid, isoochracinic acid and 4-hydroxyscytalone. Some of the phytotoxins isolated are melanin shunt pathway metabolites, which makes this fungus unique among plant pathogens.     

立窑内黑生料球的燃烧与反应特性研究

本文通过对黑生料球在不同煅烧温度下的残余碳、失重率及游离氧化钙等的测定,对立窑黑生料球的燃烧与反应特性进行了研究。认为黑生料球的燃烧大致可分为三个阶段。根据实验中游离钙的变化规律,并结合有关煅烧理论,肯定了黑生料煅烧的优越性。而实验中机械不完全燃烧现象,说明了“高灰分”对料球燃烧反应的影响,为实际生产控制提供了依据。     

黑液体系驱油产出液的研究

对黑液体系驱油过程中产出液的性质进行了分析，研究了黑液体系的驱油机理。利用滴质量法、落球法分别测定了黑液体系驱油产出液的表面张力、粘度，同时测定了ｐＨ值，由此得到相应的产出液分析曲线。分析结果表明，注黑液体系后，原油的采收率和含水率立即有所响应，产出液的表面张力、粘度和ｐＨ值有明显的变化，说明黑液体系驱油中存在低界面张力以及与此有关的乳化—携带和乳化—捕集作用。通过增加粘度，从而提高波及系数也可提高原油采收率。此外，从产出液分析曲线上还可以看到，黑液体系配制材料、浓度和饱和油性质在一定范围内发生变化，不改变驱油机理。     

Coincidence and reproducibility in the EHT black hole experiment

This paper discusses some philosophical aspects related to the recent publication of the experimental results of the 2017 black hole experiment, namely the first image of the supermassive black hole at the center of galaxy M87. In this paper I present a philosophical analysis of the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) black hole experiment. I first present Hacking's philosophy of experimentation. Hacking gives his taxonomy of elements of laboratory science and distinguishes a list of elements. I show that the EHT experiment conforms to major elements from Hacking's list. I then describe with the help of Galison's Philosophy of the Shadow how the EHT Collaboration created the famous black hole image. Galison outlines three stages for the reconstruction of the black hole image: Socio-Epistemology, Mechanical Objectivity, after which there is an additional Socio-Epistemology stage. I subsequently present my own interpretation of the reconstruction of the black hole image and I discuss model fitting to data. I suggest that the main method used by the EHT Collaboration to assure trust in the results of the EHT experiment is what philosophers call the Argument from Coincidence. I show that using this method for the above purpose is problematic. I present two versions of the Argument from Coincidence: Hacking's Coincidence and Cartwright's Reproducibility by which I analyse the EHT experiment. The same estimation of the mass of the black hole is reproduced in four different procedures. The EHT Collaboration concludes: the value we have converged upon is robust. I analyse the mass measurements of the black hole with the help of Cartwright's notion of robustness. I show that the EHT Collaboration construe Coincidence/Reproducibility as Technological Agnosticism and I contrast this interpretation with van Fraassen's scientific agnosticism.     

贵州早寒武世黑色页岩地球化学特征及其意义

贵州早寒武世早期普遍存在一套黑色页岩。通过对麻江羊跳、铜仁、遵义中南、遵义松林小竹、天柱大公塘剖面实地考察与地球化学分析,认为贵州早寒武世黑色页岩是在缺氧环境下,热水沉积为主导,同时受陆源强烈影响,是海水、生物和地球深部物质共同作用下形成的.     

Interpreting cosmic no hair theorems: Is fatalism about the far future of expanding cosmological models unavoidable?

It may be tempting to interpret cosmic no hair theorems (establishing that, under certain conditions, a cosmological model with accelerating expansion approaches de Sitter metric in the future) as implying a form of fatalism about a future state of the universe. In this note I explore (rather general) philosophical and (more concrete) physical reasons to resist such temptation. There are good reasons to think that (even locally) futures of expanding cosmological models may be unlike de Sitter.     

论电影《黑炮事件》的“赵书信性格”

《黑炮事件》是中国"第五代"电影的一个"另类",影片主人公赵书信被刻画为具有二元对立的"赵书信性格":一方面具有强烈的时代使命意识和民族自尊心理,另一方面则遇事唯唯诺诺,不断地检讨自己,自轻自贱。这一典型体现了一类中国知识分子的形象:善良而笨拙、聪颖而固执。     

碱法草浆造纸黑液COD去除和脱色研究

采用混凝、酸化及改性天然沸石吸附的处理工艺，研究了去除碱法草浆造纸黑液ＣＯＤ和色素的效果。ＣＯＤ累积去除率高于８１％，色度去除率可达９８％以上。     

粉煤灰所含有害元素在土壤和小麦器官中的残留及评价

通过桶栽实验对粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土粉所引起的重金属污染进行了研究,结果表明:粉煤灰所含的重金属元素镉、铬、铅、汞、砷在土壤和小麦各器官中的分布趋势基本相同,大小顺序为:土壤>根>茎>鞘>叶>籽粒.通过建立这些有害元素在土壤和小麦各器官中的累积量与粉煤灰施用量之间的模拟方程(Y=47.7957 1.6652x-0.0526x2),得出粉煤灰的最佳施用量为2.4×10-5kg.hm-2,并对它们所引起的污染情况进行评价.