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Jochen Kluve 《Foundations of Science》2004,9(1):65-101
Causal inference in the empiricalsciences is based on counterfactuals. The mostcommon approach utilizes a statistical model ofpotential outcomes to estimate causal effectsof treatments. On the other hand, one leadingapproach to the study of causation inphilosophical logic has been the analysis ofcausation in terms of counterfactualconditionals. This paper discusses and connectsboth approaches to counterfactual causationfrom philosophy and statistics. Specifically, Ipresent the counterfactual account of causationin terms of Lewis's possible-world semantics,and reformulate the statistical potentialoutcome framework using counterfactualconditionals. This procedure highlights variousproperties and mechanisms of the statisticalmodel. 相似文献
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Narratives are about not only what actually happened, but also what might have. And narrative explanations make productive use of these unrealized possibilities. I discuss narrative explanation as a form of counterfactual, difference-making explanation, with a demanding qualification: the counterfactual conditions are historically or narratively (not merely logically or physically) possible. I consider these issues in connection with literary, historical and scientific narratives. 相似文献
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This paper studies the causal interpretation of counterfactual sentences using a modifiable structural equation model. It
is shown that two properties of counterfactuals, namely, composition and effectiveness, are sound and complete relative to
this interpretation, when recursive (i.e., feedback-less) models are considered. Composition and effectiveness also hold in
Lewis's closest-world semantics, which implies that for recursive models the causal interpretation imposes no restrictions
beyond those embodied in Lewis's framework. A third property, called reversibility, holds in nonrecursive causal models but
not in Lewis's closest-world semantics, which implies that Lewis's axioms do not capture some properties of systems with feedback.
Causal inferences based on counterfactual analysis are exemplified and compared to those based on graphical models.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Tomasz Bigaj 《Foundations of Science》2007,12(1):85-108
In the paper, the proof of the non-locality of quantum mechanics, given by Bedford and Stapp (1995), and appealing to the
GHZ example, is analyzed. The proof does not contain any explicit assumption of realism, but instead it uses formal methods
and techniques of the Lewis calculus of counterfactuals. To ascertain the validity of the proof, a formal semantic model for
counterfactuals is constructed. With the help of this model it can be shown that the proof is faulty, because it appeals to
the unwarranted principle of “elimination of eliminated conditions” (EEC). As an additional way of showing unreasonableness
of the assumption (EEC), it is argued that yet another alleged and highly controversial proof of non-locality of QM, using
the Hardy example, can be made almost trivial with the help of (EEC). Finally, a general argument is produced to the effect
that the locality condition in the form accepted by Stapp and Bedford is consistent with the quantum-mechanical predictions
for the GHZ case under the assumption of indeterminism. This result undermines any future attempts of proving the incompatibility
between the predictions of quantum theory and the idea of no faster-than-light influence in the GHZ case, quite independently
of the negative assessment of the particular derivation proposed by Stapp and Bedford. 相似文献
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理想化是科学合理性的关键因素,而基于理想化假设的隐喻建模在广义的方法论意义和逻辑学意义上体现了科学合理性。在方法论意义上,隐喻建模的理想化表征本质上是一种简单化的过程,在相似性的基础上建立起意向性的关系系统,体现了科学表征的普遍性特征。在逻辑学意义上,理想化的理论陈述应该被看作是一种特殊的反设事实条件句,而反设事实的理想化逻辑具有非经典性。 相似文献
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