意义理论是形而上学的基础——达米特解决实在论与反实在论论争的一种视角

达米特是当代著名哲学家,他从数学哲学出发,论证了意义理论是形而上学的基础,提出了从意义理论出发解决实在论与反实在论论争的新视角,阐述了语义上溯、比较研究、自下而上等具体地解决实在论与反实在论论争的方法.达米特的新视角对于当代哲学产生了重大影响.     

Ordinary language philosophy,explanation, and the historical turn in philosophy of science

Taking a cue from remarks Thomas Kuhn makes in 1990 about the historical turn in philosophy of science, I examine the history of history and philosophy of science within parts of the British philosophical context in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, ordinary language philosophy's influence was at its peak. I argue that the ordinary language philosophers' methodological recommendation to analyze actual linguistic practice influences several prominent criticisms of the deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation and that these criticisms relate to the historical turn in philosophy of science. To show these connections, I primarily examine the work of Stephen Toulmin, who taught at Oxford from 1949 to 1954, and Michael Scriven, who completed a dissertation on explanation under Gilbert Ryle and R.B. Braithwaite in 1956. I also consider Mary Hesse's appeal to an ordinary language-influenced account of meaning in her account of the role of models and analogies in scientific reasoning, and W.H. Watson's Wittgensteinian philosophy of science, an early influence on Toulmin. I think there are two upshots to my historical sketch. First, it fills out details of the move away from logical positivism to more historical- and practice-focused philosophies of science. Second, questions about linguistic meaning and the proper targets and aims of philosophical analysis are part and parcel of the historical turn, as well as its reception. Looking at the philosophical background during which so-called linguistic philosophers also had a hand in bringing these questions to prominence helps us understand why.     

Chiral pyrrolidine-azole conjugates: Simple and efficient asymmetric organocatalysts for Michael addition to nitrostyrenes

Simple pyrrolidine-azole conjugates have been synthesized and found to be efficient catalysts for asymmetric Michael addition to nitrostyrenes. The identified optimal catalysts, pyrrolidine-azoles 2, 8 and 13, could catalyze the asymmetric Michael addition of a range of Michael donors and nitrostyrenes in high yields (up to 99%) and excellent stereoselectivities (up to 99:1 dr and 97% ee).     

KF-Al2O3试剂在Michael加成反应中的新应用

芳亚甲基丙二腈和硝基甲烷在KF-Al2O3的作用下发生双Michael加成，继而发生环化反应生成2-氨基-1，3，3-三氰基-5-硝基-4，6-二芳基环己烯，该反应的研究为此类化合物的合成提供了一种方便的方法。     

酶促制备丝裂霉素类似物反应动力学模型研究

基于固定化T. laibacchii脂肪酶催化2-甲基-1,4-苯醌与正丁胺的Michael加成反应建立了酶促制备丝裂霉素类似物2-甲基-3-正丁胺酰-1-氢-4-醌的反应动力学模型.该反应在柠檬酸缓冲溶液(pH值为7.0)中进行,最终产率可达98%.该文提出了修正的有序双双和随机双双机理,采用King-Altman方法得到相关微分方程组以表示即时反应速率.通过联合解微分方程和最优化方法确定动力学模型参数,使用ode45程序解微分方程组,并运用Fmincon软件计算动力学常数.研究结果表明:模型拟合值与实验值的平均相对偏差为11.25%,且偏差服从关于y=0的轴对称分布.当固定化酶粒径为0.5 mm、搅拌转速为200 rpm时可以忽略内外扩散限制.该文建立的动力学模型为固定化酶固有动力学模型.     

超声辐射下氢氧化钾催化的Michael加成(英文)

超声辐射下 ,查耳酮与含有活泼亚甲基的化合物诸如硝基甲烷、丙二酸二乙酯和乙酰乙酸乙酯等 ,在氢氧化钾催化下进行Michael加成 ,产品收率为 75 %～ 98% .该法具有反应时间短 ,产率高的优点     

新型表面活性剂类硫脲高效催化硝基烯烃的不对称Michael加成(英文)

由N-BOC-胺甲基吡咯烷和异硫氰酸盐反应合成了一种新型结构的硫脲分子,将该具有表面活性剂类型的硫脲分子用作有机催化剂来催化硝基烯烃的不对称Michael加成,条件实验探索结果表明,最优的实验条件是,10 mol%催化剂,10 mol%的苯甲酸作为添加剂,用水做溶剂以及在室温反应温度.在该最优条件下,可以非常顺利地实现各种硝基烯烃与各类醛和酮的Michael加成,得到较高的收率(76%~97%),良好的几何选择性(顺∶反=82∶18~99∶1)以及对映选择性(ee值达到97%).     

5-(l-氧基)-2(5H)-呋喃酮的不对称迈克尔加成反应

5(l氧基)2(5H)呋喃酮在温和的实验条件下,和活泼亚甲基化合物发生立体选择性加成反应,得到一系列立体专一性产物,产率为47%～71%.     

手性5[（1S）—内型—冰片氧基]—2（5H）—呋喃酮与硫？…

研究了用手性助剂冰片与５－羟基－２（５Ｈ）－呋喃酮（１）缩醛化制得液体差向异体体混合物５「（１Ｓ）－内型－冰片氧基」０２（５Ｈ）－呋喃酮（４（Ｒ）＋４（Ｓ））（ｎ（Ｒ））：ｎ（４（Ｓ））＝５０．５０）,以该混合物为底物与硫酚（醇）进行不对称Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌ加成,得到了７非对映异构体混合物,其中１对固体产物（６ｄ（Ｒ）＋６ｄ（Ｓ））经分步结晶分离得６ｄ（Ｓ）．ｄ．ｅ．大于９８％。此研究为由液体差异异构     

4,4-二硝基丁酸乙酯的合成研究

以丙烯酸乙酯与二硝基甲烷钾盐为反应原料,四丁基溴化铵为相转移催化剂,通过Michael加成反应合成4,4-二硝基丁酸乙酯。采用红外光谱、紫外可见光谱、质谱、核磁共振氢谱及元素分析等对产物结构进行了表征。通过单因素变量法探讨了反应时间、反应物料比、催化剂用量及反应温度对产物产率的影响,得出该反应最佳工艺条件：反应时间为60 min,反应温度为20℃,n丙烯酸乙酯：n二硝基甲烷钾盐为2：1,相转移催化剂四丁基溴化铵质量为二硝基甲烷钾盐质量的30%时,产物偕二硝基丁酸乙酯收率可达到33%。