Membraniporoidea,Microporoidea and Cellarioidea (bryozoa,Cheilostomata) collected by Discovery Investigations

Thirty eight species of anascan Cheilostomata are described from the collections of Discovery Investigations, and other British antarctic expeditions. Ten new species are described, including Stomhypselosaria watersi introduced for Cellaria dubia (Busk) sensu Waters (1904). Two new genera are introduced, and Swanomia nom. nov. is proposed for Mawsonia Livingstone 1928, non Woodward 1907.     

Species of Oswaldella Stechow, 1919 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Kirchenpaueriidae) from US Antarctic expeditions,with the description of three new species

Seventeen species of the genus Oswaldella Stechow have been studied, three of which are new to science (Oswaldella frigida sp. nov., O. medeae sp. nov. and O. monomammillata sp. nov.). The material studied was collected by several US Antarctic expeditions. Each species is described and figured, the systematic position amongst allied species is discussed and available data concerning autecology and geographical distribution are given. The remaining eight known species of the genus are also considered, regarding synonymy, autecology and geographical distribution. Finally, a general survey of the bathymetrical and biogeographical distribution of the known species of Oswaldella is given.     

Extraordinary levels of cadmium and zinc in a marine sponge,Tedania charcoti Topsent: inorganic chemical defense agents

The Antarctic marine spongeTedania charcoti has been shown to contain extraordinarily high natural concentrations of cadmium and zinc, which have in turn been correlated to the ability of the crude ethanol extract to modulate protein phosphorylation in chicken forebrain and to inhibit the growth of several test bacteria.     

Redescription and systematic status of the Antarctic genus Abietinella Levinsen, 1913 (Lafoeidae,Hydrozoa, Cnidaria)

The Antarctic–Patagonian genus Abietinella, comprising two known species, Abietinella operculata (Jäderholm, ) and Abietinella grandis (Vanhöffen, ), is reviewed. The holotype of Abietinella operculata is fully redescribed, including morphometry and cnidome, unknown up to now. Its distinctive characters are the growth habit, hydrothecal shape and, most important, the presence of a dish‐shaped operculum attached to the adcauline side of the hydrothecal aperture. We corroborate its conspecificity with A. grandis and, therefore, the monotypic condition of Abietinella.     

Species of Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa,Sertulariidae) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R.V. Polarstern,with the description of four new species

Fifteen species of the genus Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher have been studied, four of which are new to science (Symplectoscyphus anae sp. nov., S. frigidus sp. nov., S. sofiae sp. nov. and S. weddelli sp. nov.). The material studied originates from the Weddell Sea and was collected by several French and German Antarctic expeditions with R.V. Polarstern. Each species is described and figured, the systematic position amongst allied species discussed and available data concerning autecology and geographical distribution given. The type material of five poorly known species of Symplectoscyphus, S. aggregatus (Jäderholm), S. cumberlandicus (Jäderholm), S. glacialis (Jäderholm), S. hero Blanco and S. plectilis (Hickson and Gravely), has been re-examined, re-described and figured. Finally, a general survey of the bathymetrical and biogeographical distribution of the known Antarctic species is given.     

Propagation of planetary-scale zonal mean wind anomalies and polar oscillations

Global atmospheric variables can be physically decomposed into four components:(1) the zonal time averaged climate symmetric component,(2) the time averaged climate asymmetric,(3) the zonal-mean transient symmetric anomaly,and (4) the transient asymmetric anomaly.This study analyzes the relationships between the intra-seasonal and inter-annual variability of planetary scale decomposed zonal and meridional winds in the tropopause,and oscillations such as those from the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO),the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO).The tropical inter-annual zonal mean wind anomalies in the tropopause are linked with the ENSO cycle and can propagate into the subtropics,mid-latitudes,and polar front regions via abnormal meridional vertical cells.Similarly,tropical intra-seasonal (40-60-d) zonal wind anomalies can reach the subtropics and mid-latitudes.The polar intra-seasonal zonal wind anomalies in the tropopause can propagate toward high-latitude areas.Thus,the AO and the AAO are the result of the interaction and propagation of these planetary scale zonal wind anomalies.     

南极海冰总覆盖范围与面积的不确定性研究

目前,被动微波遥感数据已经成为提取极区海冰密集度的重要手段,其获取的海冰密集度产品不可避免的存在误差,这样的误差进而会引起南极海冰总覆盖范围和总覆盖面积的不确定性.利用蒙特卡洛方法对海冰密集度产品进行误差的模拟,对随机模拟影像进行统计分析,利用变异系数等指标量化随机误差带给南极海冰总覆盖范围和面积的不确定性.实验发现,当海冰密集度误差较小时,海冰覆盖范围的不确定性相比面积更大;当误差较大时,结论则相反.并且两者的不确定性都与分辨率和季节有关,分辨率越高,不确定性则越小,冬季比夏季的不确定性要小.     

“南极”术语翻译引发的思考:语言经济原则与非同质术语翻译

在当代的语言环境下,非同质术语做同质化翻译的现象并不鲜见。作者以地理术语“南极”一词的翻译为例展开讨论,阐明具有不同内涵概念的术语在翻译过程中会被简化为同形异义词,从而违反了术语学“一词一义”的原则。作者主张,对于非同质术语应力避同质化翻译;概念相近、内涵不同的同类词应有明显区别,专词专译,使它们的中文译名的区别如同英文原名那样鲜明。同时指出,社会文化导向对于非同质术语的正确翻译也是具有一定影响力的,在这一方面应予以重视。