酶体外定向进化(Ⅲ)展示技术及其应用

利用展示技术构建的蛋白质／多肽的突变体库，可以通过高通量进行高效地分析和筛选，因此特别适用于改造蛋白质．文中综述噬菌体、细胞表面、核糖体、mRNA等展示技术的原理和方法，以及其在酶定向进化中的应用．     

Aminoglycoside antibiotics: old drugs and new therapeutic approaches

Aminoglycoside antibiotics kill bacteria by binding to the ribosomal decoding site and reducing fidelity of protein synthesis. Since the discovery of these natural products over 50 years ago, aminoglycosides have provided a mainstay of antibacterial therapy of serious Gram-negative infections. In recent years, aminoglycosides have become important tools to study molecular recognition of ribonucleic acid (RNA). In an ingenious exploitation of the aminoglycosides’ mechanism of action, it has been speculated that drug-induced readthrough of premature stop codons in mutated messenger RNAs might be used to treat patients suffering from certain heritable genetic disorders. Received 23 January 2007; received after revision 25 February 2007; accepted 29 March 2007     

Observation and isolation of the amyloplasts ribosomes in cotyledon cells of lotus

Ribosome-like particles have been found in the proplastids in young cotyledon cells of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn L.) Following the development of young embryo, some lamellar structures and tubular complex occurred in the plastids in young cotyledon cells, and some ribosomlike particles appeared in the loose region of these membrane system and stroma. About 15–20 d after fertilization, with the further development of plastid, a large number of starch and DNA were synthesized in the plastids, and the plastids contained abundant and clear morphologically ribosomes, some of which presented spiral structure. About 16–18 d after fertilization, amyloplasts were isolated and purified from cotyledon of lotus, and ribosomes bands were obtained by use of sucrose density gradient centrifugation of ribosomes isolated from amyloplasts. RNA and protein contents of ribosomes have also been determined.     

逆转录病毒载体设计对ANTI—RAS核酶基因转移效率的影响

将ａｎｔｉ－ｒａｓ核酶基因Ｒ８克隆于不同的逆转录病毒载体，并导入逆转录病毒包装细胞质ＰＡ３１７，得到具一次感染性的缺失性病毒，通过测定病毒滴度选择Ｒ８基因的高效重组转录病毒载体。     

用核糖体扫描模型预测翻译起始位点

真核生物翻译起始位点(TIS,translation initiation site)的正确预测对于基因的正确注释有着重大的意义.在真核生物中,翻译并不都是起始于第一个AUG密码子,还取决于AUG前后序列的信息.结合位置权重矩阵(PWM,position weight matrix)和开放阅读框架(ORF, open reading frame)的长度分布特征建立了简单的方法识别翻译起始位点,此方法能很好地区分上游AUG和TIS.对于脊椎动物以及人类的mRNA序列,运用核糖体扫描模型预测其翻译起始位点得到了很好的预测率.     

苏铁树叶细胞质55rRNA的一级结构分析

用热酚法抽提苏铁(Cycas revoluta)树叶细胞质的总RNA,经10%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离得到5S rRNA。用核糖核酸酶和化学降解凝胶直读法测定出5S rRNA 的一级结构由121个核苷酸组成,且3′一端有连续三个尿苷酸。并具有真核生物5S rRNA的一般结构特征。按真核生物5S rRNA的二级结构模型,构建了苏铁树叶细胞质5S rRNA的二级结构。     

A structural view of translation initiation in bacteria

The assembly of the protein synthesis machinery occurs during translation initiation. In bacteria, this process involves the binding of messenger RNA(mRNA) start site and fMet-tRNA^fMet to the ribosome, which results in the formation of the first codon-anticodon interaction and sets the reading frame for the decoding of the mRNA. This interaction takes place in the peptidyl site of the 30S ribosomal subunit and is controlled by the initiation factors IF1, IF2 and IF3 to form the 30S initiation complex. The binding of the 50S subunit and the ejection of the IFs mark the irreversible transition to the elongation phase. Visualization of these ligands on the ribosome has been achieved by cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography studies, which has helped to understand the mechanism of translation initiation at the molecular level. Conformational changes associated with different functional states provide a dynamic view of the initiation process and of its regulation. Received 16 July 2008; received after revision 31 August 2008; accepted 10 September 2008 A. Simonetti, S. Marzid: These authors contributed equally to this work.     

Molecular guardians for newborn proteins: ribosome-associated chaperones and their role in protein folding

A central dogma in biology is the conversion of genetic information into active proteins. The biosynthesis of proteins by ribosomes and the subsequent folding of newly made proteins represent the last crucial steps in this process. To guarantee the correct folding of newly made proteins, a complex chaperone network is required in all cells. In concert with ongoing protein biosynthesis, ribosome-associated factors can interact directly with emerging nascent polypeptides to protect them from degradation or aggregation, to promote folding into their native structure, or to otherwise contribute to their folding program. Eukaryotic cells possess two major ribosome-associated systems, an Hsp70/Hsp40-based chaperone system and the functionally enigmatic NAC complex, whereas prokaryotes employ the Trigger Factor chaperone. Recent structural insights into Trigger Factor reveal an intricate cradle-like structure that, together with the exit site of the ribosome, forms a protected environment for the folding of newly synthesized proteins. Received 29 June 2005; received after revision 4 August 2005; accepted 18 August 2005