Phylogenetic position of Schnabelia, a genus endemic to China： Evidence from sequences of cpDNA matK gene and nrDNA ITS regions

The chloroplast gene matK and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA from Schnabelia, a genus endemic to China, and 6 genera of Verbenaceae and 13 genera of Lamiaceae were sequenced. The phylogenetic signal and validity outgroups were measured and evaluated by means of the relatively apparent synapomorphy analysis (RASA). Independent and combined phylogenetic analyses for the matK and ITS sequences were performed using the maximum parsimony (MP), neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods, indicating that Schnabelia oligophylla and Caryopteris terniflora form a sister-group relationship. The Caryopteris complex is not shown to be a monophyly because Trichostema, C. paniculata and C. forrestii are paraphyletic to the clade containing the remaining members of the complex. A monophyly of Ajugoideae proposed by Cantino et al., including 8 genera in this study, is strongly supported and the closest relatives of Schnabelia are in the Ajugoideae (Lamiaceae), especially near Caryopteris terniflora. The polygenetic analyses also showed that the genera of Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae sampled in this tudy are phylogenetically mixed and the genus Avicennia is distant to other genera of Verbenaceae. RASA and combined analysis can be used as effective approaches to determining the relationships among phylogenetically complex groups.     

不同地区大果沙枣nrDNA ITS比较及系统发育分析

对从GenBank搜取的12条大果沙枣nrDNA ITS序列变异进行了比较分析,发现大果沙枣的ITS长度在663～666bp之间,12条大果沙枣ITS序列共有23个变异位点,其中ITS1、ITS2变异位点多,分布为10个和11个,5.8S片段最为保守仅有2个突变位点.ITS全长及ITS1、5.8S、ITS2的GC含量都高于AT含量.分别采用邻接法（Neighbor-Joining）和最大简约法（Mini-mum Evolution）构建的ITS全长系统发育树显示,相同地区的大果沙枣并没有完全聚在一起,新疆和甘肃地区的聚类在一起,额济纳和外蒙古的相似性低,宁夏中卫大果沙枣位于系统树的基部,是最先分化的个体.     

Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of the family Araucariaceae based on the DNA sequences of eight genes

Araucariaceae is one of the most primitive families of the living conifers, and its phylogenetic relationships and divergence times are critically important issues. The DNA sequences of 8 genes, i.e., nuclear ribosomal 18S and 26S rRNA, chloroplast 16S rRNA, rbcL, matK and rps4, and mitochondrial coxl and atpl, obtained from this study and GenBank were used for constructing the molecular phylogenetic trees of Araucariaceae, indicating that the phyiogenetic relationships among the three genera of this family should be （（Wollemia, Agathis）, Araucaria）. On the basis of the fossil calibrations of Wollemia and the two tribes Araucaria and Eutacta of the genus Araucaria, the divergence time of Araucariaceae was estimated to be （308± 53） million years ago, that is, the origin of the family was in the Late Carboniferous rather than Triassic as a traditional view. With the same gene combination, the diver- gence times of the genera Araucaria and Agathis were （246 ± 47） and （61 ±15） Ma, respectively. Statis- tical analyses on the phylogenetic trees generated by using different genes and comparisons of the divergence times estimated by using those genes suggested that the chloroplast matK and rps4 genes are most suitable for investigating the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of the family Araucariaceae.     

对东亚广义三岛柴胡的再认识及GenBank中几个有疑问nrDNA ITS序列的评价(英文)

基于最大似然法和贝叶斯分析,我们对包括9种42居群东亚广义三岛柴胡在内的柴胡属23种53居群植物的nrITS序列进行了系统发育分析.两种方法得到了相似的系统树,结果显示,东亚广义三岛柴胡并不是一个单系类群,48个内类群被分成两组:第1组的5个分支包括了广义三岛柴胡的大部分类群,并与《中国植物志》的处理一致.2n=26的所谓亚洲三岛柴胡与2n=16的欧洲狭义三岛柴胡是不同的种.第2组则主要包括了分布于中国西南的竹叶柴胡与欧洲的狭义三岛柴胡.根据本研究结果及前人的工作,我们认为,东亚广义三岛柴胡起源于两条不同的谱系.文章最后对当前GenBank上传的广义三岛柴胡中的一些有疑问nrITS序列进行了评价.     

Growth, structure and upconversion mechanisms of Ba2ErCl7 crystal

The methods to grow a novel upconversion crystal Ba₂ErCl₇ are reported in this note. Ba₂ErCl₇ material was synthesized with Er₂O₃, BaCl₂·2H₂O and NH₄Cl by using a so-called “direct synthesis method”. High quality Ba₂ErCl₇ single crystals with size up to 4 mm×8 mm×15 mm were grown by using the Czochralski and the Bridgman methods. Intense yellow-green luminescence was detected when the crystal was pumped by an 803 laser diode (LD). Transmittance spectrum was measured by using HITACH U-3500 spectrophotometer at room temperature for the first time, in which one can see that the transmittance is high in the range from 350 to 1 600 nm and the cut-off wavelength of the crystal was 230 nm. The upconversion mechanisms were discussed.     

Testing relative evolutionary rates and estimating divergence times among six genera of Rhizophoraceae using cpDNA and nrDNA sequences

The molecular phylogenetic trees of 10 species representing 6 genera of the family Rhizophoraceae have been constructed using the sequences of chloroplast genesmatK andrbcL as well as the ITS regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Relative-rate tests between lineages in these phylogenetic trees have been performed. On the basis of the results of the relative-rate tests and related molecular evolutionary rate data, the divergence times between the lineages are estimated as follows: (i) the first divergence time in these genera is 132.25 million years ago (mya); (ii) the average divergence time between two tribes, i.e. inland Legnotideae (exceptCarallia brachiata) and mangrove Rhizophoreae, is 64.13 mya; and (iii) the average divergence time between two inland species,C. garciniaefolia andC. pectinifolia, is 19.92 mya.     

红树科6属cpDNA和nrDNA序列相对速率检验及分歧时间估计

基于红树科６属１０种及外类群的ｃｐＤＮＡｍａｔＫ基因和ｒｂｃＬ基因序列以及ｎｒＤＮＡＩＴＳ区序列,分别构建了分子系统发育树,对不同系统发育树中有关分支间的核苷酸序列置换速率进行了差异显著性检验,根据相对速率检验结果,结合现有分子进化资料,推算属间的首次分枝时间为１３２．２５Ｍａ前,分布于内陆的竹节树族９除竹节树外）与分布于海红树族间的平均分歧时间为６４．１３Ｍａ前、而陆生的大叶竹节树和旁杞木间的分     

浙江清凉峰地衣内生菌物种多样性及活性研究

采用挑取地衣体髓层菌丝法对浙江省清凉峰的地衣内生菌进行分离培养。基于ITS序列和28S序列的系统发育分析表明,选取的55株内生菌都属于子囊菌门且具高度的物种多样性。用滤纸片法检测该内生菌次生代谢产物的抗细菌、真菌活性,发现其中有8株具抗菌活性,占所测菌株的14.55%,抑菌圈的直径最大达到3 cm。研究表明地衣内生菌可产生丰富的具抑菌活性的次生代谢产物,可作为对多种病原物具有抑菌活性物质筛选的资源,是抑菌活性物质潜在的、丰富的资源库。     

金缕梅亚科ITS序列分析及其系统发育初探

对金缕梅亚科部分植物的细胞核核糖体ＤＮＡＩＴＳ区（含５８Ｓ）序列进行分析,并构建分子系统树．结果表明：金缕梅亚科是单系类群;金缕梅族为多系类群,木属是本研究中金缕梅亚科内分化最早的一支,而金缕梅属与弗特吉族关系密切;蚊母树族、狭义的弗特吉族均不形成单系分支,支持蚊母树族与弗特吉族合并;秀柱花属是牛鼻栓属的姐妹群,支持将牛鼻栓属并入秀柱花族