Science Letters： A synthetic Toll-like receptor 2 ligand decreases allergic immune responses in a mouse rhinitis model sensitized to mite allergen

It has been proposed that activation of Toll-like receptors （TLRs） plays crucial roles in the polarization of adaptive immune responses. A synthetic Toll-like receptor 2 （TLR2） ligand, Pam3CSK4, has been reported to modulate the balance of Th1/Th2 responses. We evaluated the modulation effect of Pam3CSK4 on allergic immune response in a mouse rhinitis model sensitized to house dust mite allergen （HDM）. Mice were sensitized and challenged with Dermatophagoidesfarinae allergen （Der f）, and then the allergic mice were treated by Pam3CSK4. Nasal allergic symptoms and eosinophils were scored. Der f-specific cytokine responses were examined in the splenocytes and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF）. Serum level of total IgE was also detected. After establishing a mouse allergic rhinitis model with HDM, we have showed that Pam3CSK4 treatment not only ameliorated the nasal allergic symptoms remarkably but also decreased the eosinophils and total inflammation cells in BALF significantly. Analysis of cytokine profile found that IFN-7 released from either BALF or stimulated splenocytes increased markedly in Pam3CSK4-treated mice, while IL-13 decreased significantly. Moreover, serum level of total IgE was significantly lower in Pam3CSK4-treated mice than in the untreated. Thus, in an allergic rhinitis mouse model developed with HDM, Pam3CSK4 was shown to exhibit an antiallergic effect, indicating its potential application in allergic diseases.     

WDR34 is a novel TAK1-associated suppressor of the IL-1R/TLR3/TLR4-induced NF-κB activation pathway

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as sensors of microbial components and elicit innate immune responses. All TLR signaling pathways activate the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), which controls the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes. Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is critically involved in the activation of NF-κB by tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and TLR ligands. In this study, we identified a novel protein, WD40 domain repeat protein 34 (WDR34) as a TAK1-interacting protein in yeast two-hybrid screens. WDR34 interacted with TAK1, TAK1-binding protein 2 (TAB2), TAK1-binding protein 3 (TAB3) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in overexpression and under physiological conditions. Overexpression of WDR34 inhibited IL-1β-, polyI:C- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced but not TNFα-induced NF-κB activation, whereas knockdown of WDR34 by a RNA-interference construct potentiated NF-κB activation by these ligands. Our findings suggest that WDR34 is a TAK1-associated inhibitor of the IL-1R/TLR3/TLR4-induced NF-κB activation pathway. D. Gao and R. Wang contributed equally to this work.     

The expression profile of TLR9 mRNA and CpG ODNs immunostimulatory actions in the teleost gilthead seabream points to a major role of lymphocytes

The potential effects of synthetic unmethylated oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs, mimicking bacterial DNA, has never been evaluated on the immune response in the teleost fish gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), the most important fish species in Mediterranean aquaculture. First, binding and competition studies have demonstrated that binding is saturated and promiscuous, suggesting the participation of several receptors. Moreover, leucocyte cytotoxic (NCC) activity, production of ROIs (reactive oxygen intermediates), and expression of immune-relevant genes was greatly primed by ODNs. Focusing on the mechanism, the TLR9 gene is widely distributed in seabream tissues and differently regulated in vitro by several stimuli. Moreover, and for the first time in fish, TLR9 mRNA has been detected in lymphocytes as the main cell-source. To conclude, ODNs containing GACGTT, GTCGTT (optimal for mouse and human, respectively) or AACGTT motifs are the most potent inducers of seabream immunity, whilst the involvement of TLR9 is under debate.     

Gln 对鸭瘟感染鸭十二指肠免疫调节相关基因表达量的影响

摘要: 目的 为谷氨酰胺( Glutamine,Gln) 在正常鸭及鸭瘟( Duck plague,DP) 模型中对肠道功能及作用途径的研究提供依据。方法 280 只无特定病原体( Specific pathogen free,SPF) 7 日龄雏鸭随机分为 8 组,四组梯度剂量每天灌喂 Gln( 0、0. 5、1、2 g / kg 饲 料) 6d,及另四组灌喂同等梯度剂量 Gln 6 d,于 第 一 天 灌 喂 30 min 后 攻 0. 2 mL2000TCID50 鸭瘟病毒,观察 Gln 对正常雏鸭的免疫促进作用及攻毒鸭免疫应激的缓解作用。测定 Toll 样受体 4( Toll-like receptor 4,TLＲ4) 通路基因表达量。结果 Gln 显著提高正常组 TLＲ4 通路 mＲNA 表达量( P ＜ 0. 05) ,显著降低攻毒组表达量( P ＜ 0. 05) 。结论 Gln 通过 TLＲ4 通路提高正常雏鸭肠道的免疫力,降低鸭瘟病毒( Duck plague virus,DPV) 造成的肠道免疫损伤。     

NK细胞免疫识别及其调节机制与免疫相关性疾病

自然杀伤受体(NKR)和Toll样受体(TLR)是天然免疫系统最重要的二群天然免疫识别受体家族,位于机体抵抗外来侵袭的第一道防线.二者各自具有独特的识别外来或内源性的危险信号、区分自我和非我的识别机制,是启动固有免疫和适应性免疫应答的关键链接分子.NK细胞是天然免疫系统的核心成员,具有早期识别和清除病毒感染和肿瘤细胞等功能,同时也是连接天然免疫和获得性免疫的桥梁.以NK细胞为载体将TLRs/NKRs连接起来,可以较好地反映机体内外环境变化或刺激时固有免疫对适应性免疫的调节作用,为有效控制感染、炎症、肿瘤及自身免疫性疾病提供崭新的治疗策略.     

TLR9基因遗传多态性与疾病关系的研究进展

近年来对TLRs的研究主要集中在人类的TLRs的遗传多态性在各种疾病中的免疫学作用等方面的研究。对其他哺乳动物TLRs的免疫学研究还不是很多。本文综述TLR9基因的遗传多态性与几种疾病关系的研究最新进展。     

TLR9，先天免疫中重要的抗微生物受体

先天免疫系统是宿主抵御外来微生物入侵的第一道防线，TLR9是先天免疫系统中识别细菌和病毒CpGDNA的主要受体。TLR9信号转导利用MyD88依赖途径．在IRAK-4、IRAK-1、TRAF6和TAKl等关键信号蛋白的协同作用下．激活NF-KB和MAP途径，诱导产生一系列促炎细胞因子和趋化因子，最终引起Thl样炎症反应。TLR9除了有抗感染作用，还与自身免疫紊乱和一些恶性肿瘤发生相关。研究TLR9能帮助了解相关疾病发病机理及寻求预防和治疗的手段。     

多泛素链延伸酶E4B对TLR信号通路的调节作用

研究多泛素链延伸酶E4B对TLR信号通路的影响.在HEK293T细胞中,通过双荧光报告系统检测E4B对TLR信号通路的影响,并且用免疫共沉淀的方法鉴定E4B的相互作用蛋白质.发现多泛素链延伸酶E4B能够抑制TLR通路的下游转录因子NF-κB和IRFs的转录活性,并且能与TRAF6发生相互作用.提示多泛素链延伸酶E4B可能参与TLR信号通路的调控,为TLR信号通路的研究提供新的线索.     

去泛素化酶7与髓样分化因子88蛋白相互作用的研究

Toll-like受体（TLRs）介导的信号途径不仅参与机体识别病原微生物入侵、诱导免疫应答,而且还可诱导机体产生破坏性炎症反应．通过免疫共沉淀、免疫荧光共定位、间接免疫荧光等实验方法鉴定去泛素化酶7（USP7）和TLR信号途径中重要接头蛋白——髓样分化因子88（MyD88）的相互作用,结果表明USP7和MyD88可在细胞质中共定位并可发生相互作用．该研究对阐释TLR信号通路的机制奠定了重要的基础．     

神经病理性疼痛的小胶质细胞机制

小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统内重要的免疫细胞,起递呈抗原、吞噬病原体、分泌多种细胞因子和神经修复的作用。神经损伤后,小胶质细胞会被激活,可释放大量的细胞因子、炎性介质,激活补体,引起神经炎症和神经免疫反应,导致各种神经功能紊乱,引起痛觉过敏和异常痛敏。本文从小胶质细胞的激活、以及激活途径的关键分子TLR4来探讨神经病理性疼痛的发病机制。