Philosophy of chemistry and the image of science

The philosophical analysis of chemistry has advanced at such a pace during the last dozen years that the existence of philosophy of chemistry as an autonomous discipline cannot be doubted any more. The present paper will attempt to analyse the experience of philosophy of chemistry at the, so to say, meta-level. Philosophers of chemistry have especially stressed that all sciences need not be similar to physics. They have tried to argue for chemistry as its own type of science and for a pluralistic understanding of science in general. However, when stressing the specific character of chemistry, philosophers do not always analyse the question ‘What is science?’ theoretically. It is obvious that a ‘monistic’ understanding of science should not be based simply on physics as the epitome of science, regarding it as a historical accident that physics has obtained this status. The author’s point is that the philosophical and methodological image of science should not be chosen arbitrarily; instead, it should be theoretically elaborated as an idealization (theoretical model) substantiated on the historical practice of science. It is argued that although physics has, in a sense, justifiably obtained the status of a paradigm of science, chemistry, which is not simply a physical science, but a discipline with a dual character, is also relevant for elaborating a theoretical model of science. The theoretical model of science is a good tool for examining various issues in philosophy of chemistry as well as in philosophy of science or science studies generally.     

中国传统学术视阈中的历史与历史哲学

从中国传统学术的视阈入手，梳理与辨析历史和历史哲学的内涵与外延。考察历史一词的多重含义；指出西方历史哲学乃根据对历史的两分法，即历史事实和历史著述，而有“思辨的历史哲学”和“分析的历史哲学”两大流派；进而指出中国古代对历史有一三分法，即史事、史文、史义，认为史义即为中国的历史哲学，同时史义又包含有“历史之大义”与“吾心之精义”两部分内容。     

《广西民族学院学报(哲社版)》引文分析

运用文献计量学方法 ,对 1 995～ 2 0 0 2年度《广西民族学院学报 (哲社版 )》全部论文的引文量、引文类型、引文语种、引文年代等进行统计分析 ,揭示该刊论文著者利用科技文献的规律。     

明朝前期吴与弼的兼采朱陆之学

吴与弼以一位程朱学身份，主要关注的却是心学问题。在他的心学理论中，心既是一个认识主体，又是一个伦理本体。他既认为仁义礼智本具于心中，又认为心之外存在着天命，人有时只能“一听于天”。他的修养方法偏重于“反求于心”，也注意到读书、应接事物一类下达功夫。他在坚持程朱理气学说的同时，又大量吸收陆九渊的心学。他的学说“实能兼采朱陆之长”。他的学说，通过弟子陈献章、再传弟子湛若水影响了王守仁，成为王守仁心学的源泉之一。     

新时期思想解放语境中实事求是的哲学解读

无论在革命战争时期还是改革开放以后，实事求是思想一直是我们奉行的实践准则，并以此一步步走向胜利。但在这一过程中，也有人形而上的理解实事求是，难免导致教条与僵化，无法为实践提供正确的指导。因此，我们必须将实事求是置于新时期思想解放运动的语境中来理解，辩证的理解其与解放思想的内在联系，才能真正的把握其哲学意涵，才能充分发挥其指导思想的作用。     

Coincidence and reproducibility in the EHT black hole experiment

This paper discusses some philosophical aspects related to the recent publication of the experimental results of the 2017 black hole experiment, namely the first image of the supermassive black hole at the center of galaxy M87. In this paper I present a philosophical analysis of the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) black hole experiment. I first present Hacking's philosophy of experimentation. Hacking gives his taxonomy of elements of laboratory science and distinguishes a list of elements. I show that the EHT experiment conforms to major elements from Hacking's list. I then describe with the help of Galison's Philosophy of the Shadow how the EHT Collaboration created the famous black hole image. Galison outlines three stages for the reconstruction of the black hole image: Socio-Epistemology, Mechanical Objectivity, after which there is an additional Socio-Epistemology stage. I subsequently present my own interpretation of the reconstruction of the black hole image and I discuss model fitting to data. I suggest that the main method used by the EHT Collaboration to assure trust in the results of the EHT experiment is what philosophers call the Argument from Coincidence. I show that using this method for the above purpose is problematic. I present two versions of the Argument from Coincidence: Hacking's Coincidence and Cartwright's Reproducibility by which I analyse the EHT experiment. The same estimation of the mass of the black hole is reproduced in four different procedures. The EHT Collaboration concludes: the value we have converged upon is robust. I analyse the mass measurements of the black hole with the help of Cartwright's notion of robustness. I show that the EHT Collaboration construe Coincidence/Reproducibility as Technological Agnosticism and I contrast this interpretation with van Fraassen's scientific agnosticism.     

The x-phi(les): unusual insights into the nature of inquiry

Experimental philosophy is often regarded as a category mistake. Even those who reject that view typically see it as irrelevant to standard philosophical projects. We argue that neither of these claims can be sustained and illustrate our view with a sketch of the rich interconnections with philosophy of science.     

What’s so special about model organisms?

This paper aims to identify the key characteristics of model organisms that make them a specific type of model within the contemporary life sciences: in particular, we argue that the term “model organism” does not apply to all organisms used for the purposes of experimental research. We explore the differences between experimental and model organisms in terms of their material and epistemic features, and argue that it is essential to distinguish between their representational scope and representational target. We also examine the characteristics of the communities who use these two types of models, including their research goals, disciplinary affiliations, and preferred practices to show how these have contributed to the conceptualization of a model organism. We conclude that model organisms are a specific subgroup of organisms that have been standardized to fit an integrative and comparative mode of research, and that it must be clearly distinguished from the broader class of experimental organisms. In addition, we argue that model organisms are the key components of a unique and distinctively biological way of doing research using models.     

The goal of explanation

I defend the claim that understanding is the goal of explanation against various persistent criticisms, especially the criticism that understanding is not truth-connected in the appropriate way, and hence is a merely psychological (rather than epistemic) state. Part of the reason why understanding has been dismissed as the goal of explanation, I suggest, is because the psychological dimension of the goal of explanation has itself been almost entirely neglected. In turn, the psychological dimension of understanding—the Aha! experience, the sense that a certain explanation “feels right”, and so on—has been conspicuously overemphasized. I try to correct for both of these exaggerations. Just as the goal of explanation includes a richer psychological—including phenomenological—dimension than is generally acknowledged, so too understanding has a stronger truth connection than is generally acknowledged.     

张谷英大屋乡土建筑形式和建筑文化特色研究

张谷英大屋是明清民居古建筑群,本文从建筑形式和建筑文化两个角度对张谷英大屋进行了研究,其建筑形式独特之处主要有:合"中"向心的总体布局、纵横交织的巷道、天井扩展室内空间的功能等;其建筑文化则是其人与自然和谐统一的环境观念和反映人与人伦理秩序的建筑观念。