深水沉积研究综述及未来方向

深水沉积自上世纪50年代开始为人们所关注。深水沉积理论在争论中发展,并取得了一定的成就。由于对深水沉积研究相对较少,因此对深水沉积作用认识十分有限。回顾深水沉积的研究历程、概览其研究现状,对于总结存在问题、展望发展方向具有深远的意义。通过大量调研国内外深水沉积研究实例,概述了它们的研究进展,详细阐述了基于浊流沉积理论而建立的海底扇模式,等深流沉积的垂向层序,内潮汐沉积的特征及形成机理。同时,文中指出当前深水沉积研究存在的若干问题:深水重力流沉积研究尚存在诸多争论,深水牵引流沉积的识别仍存在困难。深水沉积物成因复杂,未来的深水沉积研究应注重多学科交叉发展,建立深水牵引流和深水重力流两种搬运机制共同作用的深水沉积模式,提高深水沉积物的可预测性,进而指导深水油气勘探。     

Numerical simulation on the evolution of sediment waves caused by turbidity currents

Interest in the forming mechanism of sediment waves increases recently because of its significance on submarine engineering, sedimentary dynamics and hydrocarbon reservoir prediction in deep water. In this paper, the time-averaged continuity equations and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are applied in the numerical simulation of fluid dynamics. The modeling results are used to illuminate the effects of topography on turbidity current and explore the origin of submarine sediment waves. The research results show that (1) deposition occurs firstly at the lower ramp due to the deceleration of fluid, increase of density, loss of flow capacity and longer duration of flow passage; (2) density increase at the upslope due to the local jam results in velocity decrease and pressure increase; (3) sediment waves begin to be formed and migrated toward upstream in an area far away from the source with in- crease of the turbidity events; (4) deposition becomes more slowly with decrease of grain sizes, but the shape and sequences of these deposits are controlled by topography, not grain size.     

Sedimentary processes and development of the Zenisu deep-sea channel, Philippine Sea

Zenisu deep-sea channel originated from a volcanic arc region, Izu-Ogasawara Island Arc, and vanished in the Shikoku Basin of the Philippine Sea. According to the swath bathymetry, the deep-sea channel can be divided into three segments. They are Zenisu canyon, E-W fan channel and trough-axis channel. A lot of volcanic detritus were deposited in the Zenisu Trough via the deep-sea channel because it originated from volcanic arc settings. On the basis of the swath bathymetry, submersible and seismic reflection data, the deposits are characterized by turbidite and debrite deposits as those in the other major deep-sea channels. Erosion or few sediments were observed in the Zenisu canyon,whereas a lot of turbidites and debrites occurred in the E-W channel and trough axis channel. Cold seep communities,active fault and fluid flow were discovered along the lower slope of the Zenisu Ridge. Vertical sedimentary sequences in the Zenisu Trough consist of the four post-rift sequence units of the Shikoku Basin, among which Units A and B are two turbidite units. The development of Zenisu canyon is controlled by the N-S shear fault, the E-W fan channel is related to the E-W shear fault, and the trough-axis channel is related to the subsidence of central basin.     

川中金华地区大安寨段重力流沉积物及其含油气性

以重力流沉积理论为墓拙,在金华地区大安寨段介厉灰宕中划分出领并流和浊流两种不同类型的沉积抽,其沉积模式为重力流湖底扇相;硕料流沉积物的储集性远优于浊流沉积物,该区高产井和不产井的交叉出几原因在于高产升隽于顺抖流发育的网状分流水道之中,而不产并处在浊流为主的受及扇舌形体之上;可根据扇内水道的分布规律,预测有利的含油气区块。     

欧利坨子火山岩识别与浊积岩相模式研究

目的 研究欧利坨子地区沙三段火山岩岩性与岩相,确定砂砾岩的沉积相模式,探讨二者之间的接触关系.方法 岩心观察、岩石化学分析、测井识别、粒度分析.结果 该地区火山岩岩性复杂,以爆发相的粗面岩类和溢流相的玄武岩类为主,厚层砂砾岩为深水环境下的浊流沉积,浊积岩与火山岩二者之间属于互补沉积的接触关系.结论 粗面岩岩性的测井识别与浊积岩的判定指导了油藏评价工作的方向,在实践应用中得到验证且取得显著成果.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部长6时期沉积体系特征及发育模式

通过岩石学、沉积学、古生物学和地球物理等方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部进行了详细的沉积相研究,建立了盆地两侧的沉积模式.认为研究区长6油层组沉积时主体为湖泊三角洲环境,沉积体系发育类型多样,主要有三角洲、湖泊及浊流沉积.在沉积过程中,大部分地区表现为加积型-进积型三角洲,浊流为南部三角洲前缘垮塌成因.根据研究区南北两侧三角洲发育特点,结合盆地形态,认为北部为浅水型缓坡三角洲,而南部为深水陡坡型三角洲及浊流沉积,长6时期从早到晚表现为一个强烈进积作用过程.沉积体系的研究将有助于盆地今后油气勘探的部署.     

南海浊流地貌

 南海深海底部浊流地貌十分发育。陆坡区有大量的海底峡谷，部分峡谷的谷底、越岸区或出口部位分布有超临界流成因的大型沉积物波和周期阶坎底形。多数峡谷在陆坡脚的出口处并未形成像样的海底扇，而深海平原中却保有高丰度的浊流沉积。这可能暗示，南海峡谷浊流的能量较高，即使在经历陆坡脚的减速之后仍有足够的能量维持其沿平缓的深海平原作较长距离的搬运。浊流地貌的出现大多始于晚中新世，其成因与南海及周缘强烈的构造活动有关。     

南海南部末次冰期浊流沉积的高分辨率沉积学和地球化学研究

通过对南海南部巽他陆坡底部MD05-2895孔末次冰期发育的浊流沉积物进行激光粒度和XRF岩芯元素扫描分析, 试图揭示其沉积学和地球化学特性, 进而对理解浊流形成过程提供帮助. 研究结果显示, 浊流沉积层中的碎屑颗粒粒径比正常深海沉积物有大幅度增加, 在地球化学成分上表现为Si, K, Ti, Fe 等元素异常富集, 表明浊流发生时有大量粗颗粒陆源碎屑物质输入. 显微观察发现, 这些粗颗粒碎屑物质主要由石英、长石、火山玻璃、以及少量含铁含钛重矿物组成, 推断应来源于巽他陆架上部的残留沉积, 可能与末次冰期时古巽他河输送的陆源物质有关. 分析认为这些浊流活动的发生可能与末次冰期时海平面快速变化造成的海岸线大幅移动及沉积物供给不稳定有关, 而在单次浊流活动中浊流沉积物的形成主要是受重力(对不同比重、粒级颗粒的)分选的控制.     

南海沧桑问岩心

南海,因其具有的诸多科学特性,是当前国际地球科学领域的研究热点区域。南海有多大年纪了?沧海桑田的构造变化,对南海有着什么样的影响?2014年1~3月,IODP349航次在南海各点位钻探,船上的科学家们将一根根钻管连接起来,再打入4000米水深的南海海底。他们期待着,由此获得的岩心,能够给上述问题提供最新和最确切的答案。