湘西棘腹蛙蝌蚪试养中饵料的初步研究

从自然环境中获得棘腹蛙蝌蚪两批共783只，在人工饲养室中，分成8组，用不同饵料饲养74天。发现不同龄期生长速度不同，甲状腺素有促进生长发育的作用，饵料系数则因投饵种类不同而有差别，平均饵料系数为2．79。     

Tadpole deposition behaviour in male stream frogs Mannophryne trinitatis (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Male Mannophryne trinitatis transport their larvae on their backs to predator‐free pools and deposit them there. The experiments reported here investigated M. trinitatis male deposition behaviour in containers placed near a heavily fish‐populated stream at Mount Saint Benedict, northern Trinidad. Choice of deposition site was not related to height above or distance from the stream. The low mean number of tadpoles deposited in each container in the field and in a laboratory experiment indicated that most males tended not to deposit complete clutches in single pools. Deposition experiments in the laboratory with a choice of different‐sized containers showed that deposition was pool size dependent, with more tadpoles deposited in larger containers. Deposition behaviour when given a choice of containers with leaf litter (a source of food and shelter) and with no leaf litter showed no significant preference. Tadpoles grown in different water volumes with different food sources revealed that tadpole growth was best in larger water volumes containing leaf litter. Regular tadpole inspections at a pool in the field established that most tadpoles present were the result of downstream movement.     

2种农药对牛蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性试验研究

用甲胺磷、草甘膦对牛蛙蝌蚪进行急性毒性试验,每间隔2 h观察、记录一次牛蛙蝌蚪的自然状况、死亡尾数、体色及活动状况;同时测定水温、室温、及水体溶解氧。结果表明,甲胺磷对牛蛙蝌蚪的24 h的半致死质量浓度为0.83 g/L,安全质量浓度为0.083 g/L;草甘膦对牛蛙蝌蚪的24 h半致死质量浓度为11.57g/L,安全质量浓度为1.157 g/L。     

卫河水对太行隆肛蛙蝌蚪红细胞核异常的影响

运用遗传毒理学的方法,研究环磷酰胺和卫河水对太行隆肛蛙蝌蚪红细胞核异常的影响.结果表明:经10 mg.L-1、20 mg.L-1、40 mg.L-1环磷酰胺溶液和10%、30%、50%体积浓度的卫河水处理4、8、12和16 d,太行隆肛蛙蝌蚪红细胞的微核率和总核异常率明显升高;20 mg.L-1环磷酰胺溶液可作为阳性对照;每一处理浓度下,红细胞微核率、总核异常率均在第12 d达到高峰.说明,太行隆肛蛙蝌蚪红细胞微核和核异常实验对监测污染水体中的遗传毒性物质敏感可行;卫河水污染严重,含有较强的遗传毒性物质,应加快对卫河水的治理,以防止其对地下水源的污染.     

重金属镉对花背蟾蜍蝌蚪生长发育的影响

研究了镉质量浓度在0.0015,0.0300和0.1500mg/L时对花背蟾蜍(Bufo raddei)蝌蚪生长发育的影响。结果表明:不同质量浓度镉能缩短花背蟾蜍蝌蚪50％出膜时间,但对蝌蚪最终孵化率没有影响;镉能影响蝌蚪的生存率,对蝌蚪的生长发育具有明显的抑制作用(P<0.01),但组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);同时各质量浓度水平均导致蝌蚪头部泡状膨大、‘S’型尾和体形奇小(为正常体长的0.50～0.67)等,致畸率0.1500 mg/L质量浓度水平最高(2.25％),0.0300 mg/L水平次之(2.00％),0.0015 mg/L水平最低(0.50％)。     

Prolonged parental behaviour by males of Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger 1894), a frog with possible sex-role reversal

ABSTRACT

In sex-role-reversed systems, males carry out all parental care duties, forgoing further mating opportunities. Cases of complete sex-role reversal have not been reported in anurans. We describe the parental care behaviour of the leaf-litter frog Limnonectes palavanensis, a Bornean endemic with egg-guarding and tadpole transport, possibly the first anuran with sex-role reversal. In this study, we tested one of the predictions of the sex-role reversal hypothesis: males invest more in parental care than females do, and this prevents them from quickly acquiring additional mates. We observed egg-guarding behaviour in captivity to determine the length and intensity of parental care. Also, we describe the tadpole climbing and tadpole transport behaviour. We found that males perform all of the parental duties, remaining with the clutch until hatching. They do not call during this time, nor do they care for more than one clutch at a time. Observations of tadpole transport in the field indicate that all tadpoles in the clutch are retrieved at once. The behaviour of males during tadpole retrieval suggests that they stimulate synchronous hatching. Together, these results indicate that the male parental expenditure in this species is high, resulting in lost mating opportunities. The prolonged male-only parental care behaviour of this species satisfies an important criterion for the occurrence of sex-role reversal.     

Development and demography of Phasmahyla jandaia (Bokermann and Sazima, 1978) (Anura,Hylidae) tadpoles in an Atlantic Forest site,southeastern Brazil

Mortality rates are often high during the anuran tadpole stage, making demographic parameters in this phase of their life cycle important to the understanding of population demography. Nevertheless, information on mortality rates or population size is lacking for most Brazilian anurans. Herein we report on the demographic parameters of Phasmahyla jandaia (Hylidae) during the larval stage, including number of individuals through time, mortality rates and time of recruitment. Tadpole recruitment occurred year‐round, although froglet recruitment to the terrestrial habitat was restricted to the warm, rainy season. This trend seems to result in high plasticity of the tadpole developmental period. Mortality rates decreased with advancing tadpole stage, totalling 77% during the whole aquatic phase. Survivorship can be regarded as intermediate compared with other anurans for which data are available, and is in accordance with a high investment in egg size and the low number of eggs laid by P. jandaia.     

密度对泽陆蛙蝌蚪生长发育和变态的影响

实验用泽陆蛙蝌蚪为模型动物检验食物水平充足的环境中密度对其生长、变态和存活率的影响.密度水平设置为30只/L、60只/L和120只/L.研究发现,蝌蚪的体长、尾长和体重的增长速率随密度的增大而减小;高密度显著降低早期的存活率,但随后的存活率不受影响;高密度显著降低蝌蚪的变态率,表明高密度抑制了蝌蚪的发育从而延长变态时间;变态体重不受密度影响.该研究推测高密度环境降低蝌蚪生长速率是导致其变态率降低的主要原因,变态体重不受密度影响可能是实验动物在水体稳定且食物充足的生境中对高密度导致的变态延迟代价的一种补偿;泽陆蛙蝌蚪生长发育的适宜密度环境可能需低于30只/L.     

花背蟾蜍蝌蚪红血细胞微核测定(1)七种洗衣粉诱发蝌蚪红血细胞微核的比较研究

用7种洗衣粉对花背蟾蜍蝌蚪进行染毒七天后,检测其诱发红血细胞中的微核,结果表明,7种洗衣粉都能使红血细胞的微核率和出现微核的细胞率有极其显著意义的增加,并随着洗衣粉剂量的增加而升高.对各种洗衣粉诱发红血细胞微核率敏感性的排列顺序是:敦煌高级加酶加香>兰鲸加酶>燕牌加酶>长颈鹿增白加香>飞天机用>百合花加香>飞天加香.