西安市地表水厂水处理工艺过程中三卤甲烷类氯化消毒副产物变化规律研究

对西安市曲江、南郊两个地表水厂水处理工艺过程中三卤甲烷类消毒副产物的变化规律进行了研究,同时对水处理工艺过程中三卤甲烷前体物进行了分析.试验结果表明:西安市饮用水中三卤甲烷类消毒副产物主要组分为三氯甲烷和二氯一溴甲烷;三卤甲烷总量约为10 μg/L,远低于国家<城市供水水质标准>的要求;预加氯在水处理工艺中对三卤甲烷类消毒副产物生成量贡献较大,约占总量的35%～60%;混凝、沉淀、过滤时三卤甲烷前体物约有35%～42%的去除效果,但对三卤甲烷基本无去除效果.     

生长环作用下的给水管网水质特征

以给水管网生长环为对象,在分析生长环结构成分的基础上,通过实验室实验和现场测试,揭示了生长环对管网水质的影响,证明了生长环是造成水质二次污染的主要原因,其影响来自于生长环成分和水力条件的影响两个方面.     

用三卤甲烷预测相应的三卤乙酸

THMs和HAAs为饮用水中两大类主要的氯消毒副产物(ICDBPs)．THMs和HAAs中的THAA(或X3AA)的生成途径相类似，当水中含有Br—时会形成含Br的THMs和X3AA，且Br离子浓度对两种组成成分的影响也很相似．据此特点，建立了一种用各种THMs和Cl3AA的摩尔浓度来预测相应的其他三种X3从浓度的模型，并用实验数据进行了验证。     

氯胺消毒在给水中的应用

液氯消毒是目前应用较广泛的饮用水消毒剂,人们发现经过液氯消毒过的水中含有三卤甲烷、卤乙酸及其他大量的饮用水消毒副产物.三卤甲烷是一种环境激素物质可以致癌致突变.经氯化消毒的饮用水中还含有一定量的有机溴代物和碘代物,这些物质给人们健康造成威胁.相对液氯消毒、氯胺消毒是利用氯胺在水中缓慢释放的次氯酸进行消毒的,这样可以大大减少三卤甲烷和其他消毒副产物的生成量,消毒效果好、持续时间长.出厂水和管网水的微生物指标可低于国家饮用水卫生规范的最高限制.采用氯胺消毒能够很好地控制氯化消毒副产物的生成量.     

Hydrous manganese dioxide adsorbing humic acid： controlling trihalomethane formation

Effectiveness of hydrous manganese dioxide (δMnO2) adsorbing humic acid under different conditions and its subsequent effects on trihalomethane (THMs) formation have been studied. Humicacid removal increases with higher pH and residual TOC decreases from 3.63 mg/L to 1.68 mg/L with pH increasing from 5.5 to 8.5 at 3.0 mg/L δMnO2; δMnO2 exhibits good potential of removing humic acid and the adsorbing potential as high as 1 mg TOC/mg δMnO2 is achieved; the fractional reduction of humic acid with higher molecular weight is about 30% higher than that with lower molecular weight. δMnO2 adsorption obviously reduces subsequent THMs formation; more significant THMs formation reduction is observed for humic acid with higher molecular weight. δMnO2 adsorption is an important factor that contributes to humic acid removal and THMs formation reduction in permanganate pre-oxidation process.     

溴离子对预氯化和常规水处理工艺中消毒副产物的影响

为了解低质量浓度溴离子对饮用水中消毒副产物的影响,以天津市某给水厂的水源水作为实验对象,模拟整个给水处理厂工艺流程,研究了溴离子质量浓度对预氯化和混凝沉淀、过滤、消毒等水处理工艺出水中受管制的三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)质量浓度变化的影响,并分析了溴离子质量浓度(50～200μg·L-1)对不同水处理工艺中溴在THMs和HAAs中分配的影响.结果表明:随着溴离子质量浓度的增加,各工艺出水中的溴代三卤甲烷和总THMs的质量浓度均有一定程度的上升,三氯甲烷质量浓度则有所下降;二溴乙酸、一溴乙酸的质量浓度也有不同程度的升高,一氯乙酸质量浓度基本保持不变,二氯乙酸(DCAA)、三氯乙酸(TCAA)质量浓度逐渐下降,且各工艺出水中的DCAA和TCAA质量浓度均远高于其余几种HAAs的质量浓度;各工艺出水中THMs和HAAs的溴结合因子均升高.但是在本文设定的溴离子质量浓度变化范围内,各工艺中溴在THMs和HAAs中分配的比例分别为72%～79%和21%～28%,表明溴离子在低质量浓度情况下,对溴在THMs和HAAs中分配影响不大,且仅预氯化和消毒改变了氯代和溴代消毒副产物的比例.     

给水管网中三卤甲烷数学模型研究

通过测试,发现了三卤甲烷在管网中的变化规律.在国内外研究现状分析的基础上 ,在实验室与现实管网中进行实验,揭示出管网中三卤甲烷的生成量占总生成量的30%左右,管网中三卤甲烷的形成是由于水力条件的变化造成的.根据此原理,提出了现实管网中三卤甲烷形成的数学模型.     

土壤三卤甲烷生成潜能的测定

通过模拟由土壤进入水源中的有机物质在自来水净化系统消毒条件下所发生的卤化反应,探讨了测定土壤三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)的方法,并对各种实验条件(如水土体积质量比、振荡时间、加氯量等)的设定进行讨论,确定了各实验条件分别为过60目筛土样,振荡4h,水样pH为7.0±0.1,反应温度20℃,投加的氯的质量浓度为8mg/L,反应时间24h.     

Formation and distribution of disinfection by-products during chlorine disinfection in the presence of bromide ion

The influences of contact time and pH value on the formation and distribution of four species of trihalomethanes and five species of haloacetic acids during chlorination in the presence of bromine were investigated. Results showed that the distribution of molar fraction of trihalomethanes varied with contact time due to the change of bromide ion concentration during chlorination. Most of the trihalomethanes comprising bromine-containing species and the favored products of the haloacetic acids were chlorine-containing species after 24 h of chlorination. The extent of bromine incorporation in trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids both decreased with time. The contact time also had influence on the formation rate of different species of haloacetic acids, The formation and distribution of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids strongly depended on the chlorination pH value. All of the trihalomethanes species formation increased with the increase of pH value except the bromoform that had not been detected, The molar fraction of bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane containing bromine increased with pH value while chloroform without bromine decreased. Under the pH range studied in this experiment, the predominant haloacetic acids species were trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid which all decreased with the increase of pH value and the level of TCAA was higher than that of DCAA.