The behavior of the homozygous and heterozygous sub-types of rats which are genetically-selected for diabetes insipidus: A comparison with Long Evans and Wistar stocks

Several aspects of spontaneous and conditioned behavior (food and water intake, locomotion and emotionality, passive and active avoidance acquisition and retention) of standard (albino and pigmented) rats, and rats heterozygous (HEDI) and homozygous (HODI) for diabetes insipidus, are reviewed. As would be expected, HODI rats have been repeatedly found to consume far more fluid than either HEDI or control rats. Pigmented rats appear to be more active than albinos. HODI rats exhibit less marked emotional responses than do control rats, among which the pigmented ones exhibit the highest emotionality. Light aversion is more evident in albino than in pigmented rats. No differences are found among HEDI, HODI and normal Long Evans rats. It is quite difficult to provide a clear-cut statement concerning inter-strain differences in passive avoidance behavior, possibly because of the variety of techniques employed. In any case, HODI rats do not perform worse than normal controls do. In one-way active avoidance paradigms, pigmented rats perform better than albinos, and the performance of HODI rats does not differ from that of controls. In two-way avoidance paradigms, albinos appear to outperform pigmented rats. Once again, there are no obvious differences between HODI and control animals.In addition to indicating that HODI rats may actually be less emotional than the other groups of rats reviewed here, the studies described once again fail to confirm the previously alleged functions of vasopressin in memory consolidation.     

机器人避障功能的设计

本文介绍了通过硬件的连接以及利用汇编语言编写简单程序使机器人实现避障功能.     

Using genetically-defined rodent strains for the identification of hippocampal traits relevant for two-way avoidance behavior: a non-invasive approach

Summary Genetically-defined rodent strains permit the identification of hippocampal traits which are of functional relevance for the performance of two-way avoidance behavior. This is exemplified here by analyzing the relationship between infrapyramidal mossy fibers (a tiny projection terminating upon the basal dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons) and two-way avoidance learning in about 800 animals. The necessary steps include 1) identification of structural traits sensitive to selective breeding for extremes in two-way avoidance, 2) testing the robustness of the associations found by studying individual and genetical correlations between hippocampal traits and behavior, 3) establishing causal relationships by Mendelian crossing of strains with extreme structural traits and studying the behavioral consequences of such structural randomization, 4) confirming causal relationships by manipulating the structural variable in inbred (isogenic) strains, thereby eliminating the possibility of genetic linkage, and 5) ruling out the possibility of spurious associations by studying the correlations between the hippocampal trait and other behaviors known to depend on hippocampal functioning.In comparison with the classical lesion approach for identifying relationships between brain and behavior, the present procedure appears to be superior in two aspects: it is non-invasive, and it focuses automatically on those brain traits which are used by natural selection to shape behaviorally-defined animal populations, i.e., it reveals the natural regulators of behavior.     

一种基于速度势场的局部在线避碰方法

本文以势场方法的思想为出发点，提出一种基于速度势场的自主移动机器人的局部避碰方法。该方法可以更好地利用相对速度的信息，在存在移动障碍物和环境中得到较好的局部在线避碰效果。     

基于改进人工势场法的巡航导弹自主避障技术

针对巡航导弹在巡航段的自主避障问题,提出一种改进的人工势场法.为解决传统人工势场法无法避免的局部极小问题,本文将局部极小分为两类,分别给出两类极小值的判定定理及方法,同时给出消除局部极小的措施.考虑导弹的可用过载约束,以连续可微的对数函数构造势场函数,定量描述禁飞区和目标点;此外,为实现自主规避禁飞区,合理设置引力场和斥力场的作用区域和调整势场函数的参数,使导弹在合势场的作用下,获得一条适飞轨迹最终抵达目标点.最后,通过数学仿真,验证了这种方法的有效性.      

基于神经网络的Q学习在Khepera Ⅱ机器人避障中的应用

为了提高移动机器人的自主学习能力,在传统的机器人行为控制结构基础上设计了智能控制结构,同时引入了基于神经网络的Q学习模块算法,克服了传统算法只能应用到离散状态中的不足.移动机器人的避障实验结果表明,该方法能够使移动机器人通过自学习实现自主避障.     

基于激光雷达的移动机器人环境建模与避障

为了提高自主移动机器人运行的安全性和可靠性 ,提出了一种基于激光雷达的距离信息进行环境建模和避障的方法。首先简要描述了激光雷达的工作原理 ,比较了几类常用的激光雷达 ,并介绍了激光测量系统 ( laser measure-ment system,LMS)。然后给出了一种用于移动机器人环境建模和避障的算法 -时变势场法 ,在此基础上提出了改进算法 -多分辨率势场法 ,实验表明其性能优于原算法。最后讨论激光雷达在实际应用中的一些问题。目前 ,该方法已成功地应用于清华室外移动机器人 THMR- V     

多车环境下智能货车的紧急转向决策及轨迹规划

决策与规划是实现自动驾驶的关键技术,针对自动驾驶货车在紧急转向避障时需要考虑换道时目标车道的安全性和规划出最优避障轨迹的问题,采用将换道时左右车道上的车辆与自车的相对距离和换道的最小安全距离的差值分别建立模糊关系的方法,通过比较模糊规则推理设计的安全值,选择更安全的车道进行转向避障,为了迅速规划出最优避障轨迹,采用三阶贝塞尔曲线,通过设计4个控制点坐标形成避障曲线,为了防止转向时横向加速度过大导致货车发生侧翻和速度过快与前车发生碰撞,设计车辆的稳定性边界和碰撞边界对控制点进行约束,使用MATLAB中的函数求解出不同车速下的最优换道轨迹,最后使用仿真软件进行仿真验证,结果表明设计出的避障决策和轨迹规划可以安全、有效地避开障碍。     

船舶避碰的自适应模糊专家系统研究

采用自适应模糊系统和神经网络方法,研究了基于模糊联想规则的避碰操纵知识表示,知识获取和自适应学习;建立了基于二值输入输出模糊联想系统的并行模糊推理机制,由此而建立的船舶避碰撞模糊专家系统具有自适应学习能力,能实现实时避碰导航。     

底水油藏水平井开发影响因素研究

利用水平井技术可有效控制底水油藏普遍存在的水锥问题,然而这一技术受油藏地质条件、操作参数等许多因素影响。本文以江苏油田永安25区块为例,详细研究了不同油藏参数、操作参数等对原油产量的影响。研究结果表明,水平井产量随水体倍数、油层厚度、平面渗透率的增加而不断增加;对于该地区,合适的避水高度为0.3h～0.4h;合适的采液速度为130m3/d;合理的提液时机在含水率达到50%～60%时。