液-液两相介质中液滴在冲击作用下的演变过程

本文自行研制了一种用于研究冲击作用下,液-液两相体系中液滴变形及其破碎现象的坠落实验装置,并通过在油为连续相环境中生成球形液滴,对液滴在冲击作用下的演变过程进行了实验研究．结果表明,该装置在液．液两相介质中液滴变形破碎机理问题研究中展示出其特有的优势和潜力;通过高速摄影所记录的液滴演变过程,总结出本实验条件下四种较为典型的演变模式,根据其演变特征分别称之为袋状、帽状、竹节状和蘑菇状模式．这些模式所伴随的变形、破碎等过程具有不同的特点,其中有些模式在已有的公开文献中尚未见到相关报道．此外,针对几个重要参数,如冲击强度、液滴直径、相界面张力、液滴及外环境油相密度等开展了一定的研究．在此基础上,重点关注冲击强度和液滴直径两个参数对液滴演变的影响．结果表明,坠落高度和液滴直径存在一定的等效性,即适当的坠落高度和液滴直径搭配可以得到类似的演变模式．     

Tm3+和Ln3+(Ln3+ = Yb3+, Er3+, Pr3+, Ho3+, Eu3+) 共掺氟化物纳米晶体的光谱学性质

应用激光光谱学及发光学的理论和方法研究了Tm³⁺/Ln3+(Ln³⁺=Yb³⁺, Er³⁺, Pr³⁺, Ho³⁺, Eu³⁺)离子在LaF3和LaOF纳米颗粒中的发光特性, 探讨了获得蓝绿光发射的方式, 分析了Tm3+离子的荧光发射对基质构成和共掺杂离子的依赖性质. 研究结果表明, 在氟化物纳米晶体中进行Tm³⁺和Ln³⁺(Ln³⁺ =Ho³⁺, Pr³⁺, Er³⁺, Eu³⁺)的共掺杂, 能有效地获得可见光发射, 显著提高荧光量子产率, 在太阳能光伏电池中具有很大的应用潜力.     

Sr-rich apatite from the Dangzishan leucitite-ijolite xenoliths （Heilongjiang Province）： Mineralogy and mantle-fluid metasomatism

Abundant apatite grains with elevated SrO content were found in leucitite-ijolite xenoliths in the Dangzi Mountain,Heilongjiang Province.Morphological and mineralogical associations,and compositional analysis of the Sr-rich apatite,were carried out using an electron microprobe.Two principal types of apatite were distinguished.One type occurs as short-prismatic crystals with Sr-rich rims,while another type with acicular or finely columnar shapes constitutes Sr-rich apatite element maps and systematic quantitative analysis of apatite revealed great variations in SrO content (0.42%-26.79%).The calculated structural formula of the measured Sr-rich apatite is:(Ca3.15-4.963Sr0.019-1.510Ba0.00-0.030Na0.006-0.108REE0.106-0.153) (P2.84-3.028Si0.009-0.094)O12(F0.675-1.079,Cl0.000-0.256,OH0.084-0.297).Mineralogical textures of apatite implied a replacement mechanism for the Sr-rich apatite.Sr-rich rims of apatite are suggested to have formed after metasomatism (isomorphic replacement) of early fluorapatite in a Sr-,light rare-earth elements (LREE),lithophile light elements (LILE)-and volatile-rich residual melt during late magmatism.However,the acicular apatite probably directly crystallized from a Sr-rich residual melt.The Sr-Nd isotopic composition of the apatite was distinctive from that of leucitite-ijolite and its host rock.These differences,combined with mineralogical features of apatite,imply that Sr-LREE-LILE-volatile-rich components in the residual melt were derived from deep in the asthenosphere,and subsequently were enriched at a late stage in magma evolution.     

高超声速喷管中水蒸气凝结的数值研究

我们针对高超声速燃烧加热风洞喷管流动的大扩张比、高马赫数、高低温气体并存和高水蒸气含量的特点,发展了兼顾高温气体效应与水蒸气非平衡凝结过程影响的有限体积计算方法,对伴随水蒸气凝结的喷管流动的机理开展了数值研究.计算中,凝结模型采用Hill矩方法进行模拟.数值分析着重关注喷管进出口气流的参数变化.结果表明,燃烧加热风洞的凝结问题计算中,应考虑高温气体效应的影响,以保证结果的合理性;随总温、水蒸气含量等参数的不同,喷管流动中的凝结现象会呈现明显不同的特征,适量的水蒸气含量和较低的总温会使得凝结后的流场参数发生显著改变.     

Records of the East Asian winter monsoon from the mud area on the inner shelf of the East China Sea since the mid-Holocene

AMS¹⁴C dating and analysis of grain size, major elements and clay minerals were applied to Core MZ01 from the mud area on the inner shelf of the East China Sea. Based on the environmentally sensitive grain size, clay mineral and major element assemblages, the history of the East Asia winter monsoon since the mid-Holocene could be reconstructed. These three proxies, mean grain size (>9.71 μm), chemical index of alteration (CIA) and ratio of smectite to kaolinite in particular, show similar fluctuation patterns. Furthermore, 10 extreme values corresponding to the contemporary cooling events could be recognized since the mid-Holocene; these extreme values are likely to have been caused by the strengthening of the East Asia winter monsoon. The cooling events correlated well with the results of the δ¹⁸O curves of the Dunde ice core and GISP2, which therefore revealed a regional response to global climate change. Four stages of the East Asia winter monsoon were identified, i.e. 8300–6300 a BP, strong and unstable; 6300–3800 a BP, strong but stable; 3800–1400 a BP, weak and unstable; after 1400 a BP, weak but stable.     

Zircon U-Pb geochronology of the volcanic rocks from Fanchang-Ningwu volcanic basins in the Lower Yangtze region and its geological implications

The latest eruptions in two important Mesozoic volcanic basins of Fanchang and Ningwu located in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River formed the bimodal volcanic rocks of the Kedoushan Formation and ultrapotassic volcanic rocks of the Niangniangshan Formation, respectively. The representative volcanic rocks of the two Formations were selected for LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating. The results indicate that there exist a large amount of magmatic zircons as indicated by high Th/U ratios in these volcanic rocks. The weighted mean age of 21 analyses is 130.7±1.1 Ma for the Kedoushan Formation, and that of 20 analyses is 130.6±1.1 Ma for the Niangniangshan Formation. These U-Pb ages are interpreted to represent the formation times of the volcanic rocks. In combination with other known geochronological data for Mesozoic volcanic rocks from the Lower Yangtze region, it is proposed that the latest volcanic activations in the Jinniu, Luzong, Fanchang and Ningwu volcanic basins probably came to end prior to ca. 128 Ma. There is no significant time interval between the early and later volcanic activities in the Luzong and Ningwu basins, suggesting a short duration of volcanic activities and thus implying the onset of an extensional tectonic setting at about 130 Ma in the Lower Yangtze region. Integrated studies reveal that the Early Cretaceous magmatic activities and their geochronological framework in the Lower Yangtze region are a response to progressively dynamic deep processes that started with the transformation of tectonic setting from compression to extension, followed by delaminating of the lower part of the thickened lithosphere, lithospheric thinning, asthenosphere upwelling, and crust-mantle interaction.     

Finding of ancient materials in Cathaysia and implication for the formation of Precambrian crust

U-Pb dating for fifty-six detrltsl zircons from a paragneiss in Nanxiong area, northern Guangdong Province, Indicates that the latest Neoproterozoic sediments in Cathaysia hinterland are composed of numerous Grenvillian and Necerchaean clasUc materials, as well as some Mesoproterozolc detritus. Minor Paleoarchaean （3.76 Ga） and Mesoarchaean （3.0-3.2 Ga） zircons, which are the oldest zircons In South China, also are firstly found in the sediments, suggesting that the Cathaysia Block may contsln very old materials. The Hf isotope compositions of thirty-seven zircons reveal that these clastlc materials have different origins. Minor zircons crystslllzed from magma generated from relatively juvenile crust, while the parental magma of most zircons was derived from ancient crust. Integration of U-Pb dating and Hf Isotope analysis of these zircons suggests that the generation of juvenile crust in the Cathaysia block mainly occurred at 2.5-2.6 Ga. Mesoarchaean （3.0-3.3 Ga）, late Paleoproterozolc （-1.8 Ga） and Paleoarchaean （-3.7 Ga） may also be important episodes of crustal growth. Grenvllllan magmatism is extremely Intense, but it mainly involved recycling of ancient crustal components with little formation of Juvenile crust. The marked presence of -2.1 Ga Hf model ages and the absence of the zircons with crystsllizatlon ages at -2.1 Ga suggest that the parental magma of many zircons was probably derived from the mixed source consisting of Neoarchaean and late Paleoproterozoic materlals.     

Clay mineral composition and their sources for the fluvial sediments of Taiwanese rivers

Located at the collision boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Continental Plate,the island of Taiwan is generally recognized as an important example in the MARGINS Program Science Plan and "source-to-sink" research because of its high tectonic activity,heavy rainfall and unique geography.Large suspended sediment loads are transported to the adjacent ocean by Taiwanese rivers every year,making Taiwan an important source of sediments into the adjacent seas and a natural laboratory for studying the systemic movement of fluvial sediments from source to sink.A detailed study on the clay mineral composition of surface sediments collected from the drainage basins of 12 Taiwanese rivers using X-ray diffraction methods was conducted.Our results indicated that the clay mineral assemblages consisted dominantly of illite(approximately 73%) and chlorite(approximately 24%),with lesser abundances of kaolinite(approximately 3%) and even lower levels of smectite from the Danshuei River sediments in northwestern Taiwan.The Jhuoshuei River sediments from western Taiwan contained clay mineral assemblages that consisted of illite(approximately 75%) and chlorite(approximately 25%),but they lacked kaolinite and smectite.In southwestern Taiwan,the clay mineral assemblages were dominated by illite(approximately 75%) and chlorite(approximately 23%),but had a low abundance of kaolinite(generally < 2%) and no smectite.The clay mineral assemblages in eastern Taiwan are obviously different from those in western parts of the island.The most noticeable difference is that the average abundance of chlorite in the Hualien River from eastern Taiwan was the highest(approximately 48%) of all the Taiwanese rivers.We concluded that,in general,the clay mineral assemblages in Taiwanese rivers were mainly composed of illite and chlorite with kaolinite and smectite being scarce,and these trends are different from those in China’s mainland rivers.The clay mineral composition shown in this study was primarily determined by the properties of the bedrock,and the differential weathering intensities of the drainage area.The surface sediments in Taiwan’s rivers showed a greater abundance of illite and chlorite because the outcropped rocks were mainly composed of Tertiary sedimentary rocks,especially sandstone,shale and slate,and show strong physical weathering.The relatively high relief and more abundant rainfall also caused the clay minerals in the fluvial sediments to be transported to the estuaries down rivers from the mountains and then delivered to the adjacent seas by currents and waves over a shorter time scale.     

平面激波冲击柱形气体界面的实验研究

采用高速纹影法实验研究了马赫数为1.2的平面激波冲击下柱形气体界面的演变发展过程.采用环约束的方法,利用肥皂膜技术形成了柱形界面.在单次实验中得到了平面激波与柱形界面作用的全过程,观测了波系发展以及气体界面的演化.结果表明,在激波冲击下SF6气柱下游界面会产生射流结构并最终发展成蘑菇形状;而氦气气柱受到激波冲击后会出现反相,上游界面发展出射流结构并穿透下游界面,最终界面发展成两个独立的涡结构.通过测量比较界面尺寸的变化,可以较清楚地了解界面变形的物理规律.最后将SF6气柱实验中获得的激波和气体界面的速度与一维气体动力学预测结果进行比较,吻合较好,从而验证了环约束方法在Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性实验研究中形成气体界面的可行性.     

氟化物纳米晶体中Tm3+对Eu3+的荧光增强效

采用水热-烧结法制备了性能良好的Eu³⁺ /Tm³⁺共掺LaF₃和LaOF 纳米晶体. 在波长为532 nm的激光激发下, 实现了共掺样品中Tm³⁺对Eu³⁺的荧光增强效应. 结果发现, 当三价稀土离子Tm³⁺作为敏化剂被共掺到LaF₃:Eu³⁺和LaOF:Eu³⁺纳米晶体中时, 掺杂 Eu³⁺的荧光发射得到了显著的增强, 其增强倍数与Tm³⁺离子的浓度密切相关. 与单掺 Eu³⁺离子的LaOF:Eu³⁺纳米晶体相比较, Tm³⁺离子的掺入可使氟化物纳米晶体中原本已经很强的⁵D₀→⁷F₂(612 nm)红色荧光辐射又增强了一个数量级, 从而获得拥有良好颜色纯度和极高辐射强度的红色荧光纳米材料. 依据实验观测结果和晶体结构对称性特点, 研究了共掺体系中荧光增强的产生机理以及局域对称性变化对于荧光强度的影响.