Life cycle assessment in the environmental impact evaluation of urbandevelopment——a case study of land readjustment project,Hyogo District, Japan

In this paper, the Life Cycle of Urban Development was firstly analyzed, and the phases of Life Cycle Assessment applied to Urban Development (ULCA) were described. As a case study, ULCA was applied in the environmental impact assessment of the land readjustment project of Hyogo District of Saga, Japan. In addition, mitigation proposals for reducing CO2 were also presented and the relevant environmental ef-fects were simulated.     

LDL-receptor-related proteins in Wnt signal transduction

The Wnt family of secreted signalling molecules are essential in embryo development and tumour formation. The Frizzled (Fz) family of serpentine receptors function as Wnt receptors, but how Fz proteins transduce signalling is not understood. In Drosophila, arrow phenocopies the wingless (DWnt-1) phenotype, and encodes a transmembrane protein that is homologous to two members of the mammalian low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related protein (LRP) family, LRP5 and LRP6 (refs 12-15). Here we report that LRP6 functions as a co-receptor for Wnt signal transduction. In Xenopus embryos, LRP6 activated Wnt-Fz signalling, and induced Wnt responsive genes, dorsal axis duplication and neural crest formation. An LRP6 mutant lacking the carboxyl intracellular domain blocked signalling by Wnt or Wnt-Fz, but not by Dishevelled or beta-catenin, and inhibited neural crest development. The extracellular domain of LRP6 bound Wnt-1 and associated with Fz in a Wnt-dependent manner. Our results indicate that LRP6 may be a component of the Wnt receptor complex.     

中国居民生活方式和能耗关系的研究

近年来，随着经济的快速发展和人民生活水平的不断改善，中国居民的生活能耗持续增长．由发达国家和地区的先进经验可知，居住建筑的特点和居民的日常生活方式都对居住建筑能耗有影响．为了清楚了解居住建筑能耗与生活方式之间的关系，开找出4常生活甲有利于节能的措施，笔者在2006／2007平4个孕节中各选择一周，对杭州地区100户家庭进行了能耗和生活方式的调查．经过统计分析，发现居民日常生活方式与能耗有密切联系，并找到了一些日常生活中有利于节能的合理措施；而且通过在调查中对居民进行节能教育后，发现居民的节能意识和行为都有一定的改善，并伴随能耗的降低．     

The Rab8 GTPase regulates apical protein localization in intestinal cells

A number of proteins are known to be involved in apical/basolateral transport of proteins in polarized epithelial cells. The small GTP-binding protein Rab8 was thought to regulate basolateral transport in polarized kidney epithelial cells through the AP1B-complex-mediated pathway. However, the role of Rab8 (Rab8A) in cell polarity in vivo remains unknown. Here we show that Rab8 is responsible for the localization of apical proteins in intestinal epithelial cells. We found that apical peptidases and transporters localized to lysosomes in the small intestine of Rab8-deficient mice. Their mislocalization and degradation in lysosomes led to a marked reduction in the absorption rate of nutrients in the small intestine, and ultimately to death. Ultrastructurally, a shortening of apical microvilli, an increased number of enlarged lysosomes, and microvillus inclusions in the enterocytes were also observed. One microvillus inclusion disease patient who shows an identical phenotype to Rab8-deficient mice expresses a reduced amount of RAB8 (RAB8A; NM_005370). Our results demonstrate that Rab8 is necessary for the proper localization of apical proteins and the absorption and digestion of various nutrients in the small intestine.     

Systematic design of single carrier overlap frequency domain equalization

<正> This paper proposes a systematic design method of overlap frequency domain equalization(FDE) for single carrier (SC) transmission without a guard interval (GI).Based on the analysis of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the equalizer output for each symbol,the authors adaptivelydetermine the block of the overlap FDE,where the block is defined as a set of symbols at the equalizeroutput with sufficiently low error rate,for a certain fixed sliding window size,which corresponds toa fast Fourier transform (FFT) window size.The proposed method takes advantage of the fact thatthe utility part of the equalized signal is localized around the center of the FFT window.In addition,the authors also propose to adjust the block size in order to control the computational complexity ofthe equalization per processed sample associating with the average bit error rate (BER) of the system.Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve comparable BER performance to theconventional SC-FDE scheme with sufficient GI insertion for both the coded and uncoded cases withvarious modulation levels,while requiring lower computational complexity compared to the SC overlapFDE transmission with the fixed block.     

桂林大阪两市新生儿脐带血和母乳中脂溶性维生素浓度比较

为探讨婴儿佝偻病及新生儿出血症与微量营养素水平的关系，对桂林市哺乳妇女及新生儿脐带血进行了脂溶性维生素Ａ、Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｋ的测定，并与日本国大阪市哺乳妇女及新生儿作了对照比较。结果表明：脐带血和母乳中的维生素Ａ和Ｅ浓度在中日两国间无显著性差异。脐带血中的维生素Ｄ也无差异。但桂林市新生儿脐带血中β－胡萝卜素及玉米黄质显著低于日本大阪市新生儿，而ＰＩＶＫＡ－２值却明显升高，提示桂林市孕妇黄绿色蔬菜及水果的摄     

城市声景观表述方法的研究

提出了声景观图的概念，用来作为城市声景观的表述方法．声景观图由客观信息、主观信息、关系分析以及模拟信息等组成．同时，文中还提出了开发声景观图的方法，包括信息收集、数据处理、制图、分析和模拟等过程．然后以日本佐贺市作为案例制作和分析了该区域的声景观图．最后分析了声景观图的应用方法和前景．文中提出的声景观图是表述和分析城市声景观的有效方法．     

A dual-kinase mechanism for Wnt co-receptor phosphorylation and activation

Signalling by the Wnt family of secreted lipoproteins has essential functions in development and disease. The canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway requires a single-span transmembrane receptor, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), whose phosphorylation at multiple PPPSP motifs is induced upon stimulation by Wnt and is critical for signal transduction. The kinase responsible for LRP6 phosphorylation has not been identified. Here we provide biochemical and genetic evidence for a 'dual-kinase' mechanism for LRP6 phosphorylation and activation. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), which is known for its inhibitory role in Wnt signalling through the promotion of beta-catenin phosphorylation and degradation, mediates the phosphorylation and activation of LRP6. We show that Wnt induces sequential phosphorylation of LRP6 by GSK3 and casein kinase 1, and this dual phosphorylation promotes the engagement of LRP6 with the scaffolding protein Axin. We show further that a membrane-associated form of GSK3, in contrast with cytosolic GSK3, stimulates Wnt signalling and Xenopus axis duplication. Our results identify two key kinases mediating Wnt co-receptor activation, reveal an unexpected and intricate logic of Wnt/beta-catenin signalling, and illustrate GSK3 as a genuine switch that dictates both on and off states of a pivotal regulatory pathway.     

Protein-based peptide-bond formation by aminoacyl-tRNA protein transferase

Eubacterial leucyl/phenylalanyl-tRNA protein transferase (LF-transferase) catalyses peptide-bond formation by using Leu-tRNA(Leu) (or Phe-tRNA(Phe)) and an amino-terminal Arg (or Lys) of a protein, as donor and acceptor substrates, respectively. However, the catalytic mechanism of peptide-bond formation by LF-transferase remained obscure. Here we determine the structures of complexes of LF-transferase and phenylalanyl adenosine, with and without a short peptide bearing an N-terminal Arg. Combining the two separate structures into one structure as well as mutation studies reveal the mechanism for peptide-bond formation by LF-transferase. The electron relay from Asp 186 to Gln 188 helps Gln 188 to attract a proton from the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal Arg of the acceptor peptide. This generates the attacking nucleophile for the carbonyl carbon of the aminoacyl bond of the aminoacyl-tRNA, thus facilitating peptide-bond formation. The protein-based mechanism for peptide-bond formation by LF-transferase is similar to the reverse reaction of the acylation step observed in the peptide hydrolysis reaction by serine proteases.