Overactive bone morphogenetic protein signaling in heterotopic ossification and Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are important extracellular cytokines that play critical roles in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. BMPs signal via transmembrane type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular Smad effector proteins. BMP signaling is precisely regulated and perturbation of BMP signaling is connected to multiple diseases, including musculoskeletal diseases. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress in elucidation of BMP signal transduction, how overactive BMP signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of heterotopic ossification and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and discuss possible therapeutic strategies for treatment of these diseases.     

装饰工程项目施工成本的控制研究

中国近年来房地产业的飞速发展,给建筑装饰企业带来了繁荣发展的契机。但建筑装饰企业也面临着成本上升、利润率降低等问题。本文将通过对装饰工程施工成本控制的研究,来降低装饰企业施工成本,以获得更大利润空间。