提高学生化学实验能力的几点做法

在化学实验教学中,本人首先引导学生分析实验的设计原理和内容要求;然后再指导学生亲自动手完成实验,在此基础上师生通过分析、对比,共同总结出实验的规律,以期达到触类旁通、举一反三的目的.     

核壳结构纳米二氧化硅/聚丙烯酸酯复合乳液粒子的制备及性能

采用种子乳液聚合法制备了低乳化剂含量的核壳结构纳米二氧化硅/聚丙烯酸酯复合乳液粒子,通过红外光谱仪（FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜 （TEM）、热重分析仪（TG）和水接触角仪对样品进行了表征。结果表明,核壳结构复合乳液粒子以纳米二氧化硅为核,聚丙烯酸酯为壳;复合乳液中乳化剂含量为丙烯酸酯质量的0.9%,随着纳米二氧化硅含量的增加,凝胶率增大,反应转化率降低,纳米二氧化硅大量存在于凝胶物中;核壳结构的纳米二氧化硅/聚丙烯酸酯复合乳液与水的接触角变小,复合乳液胶膜热稳性优于纯丙胶膜。     

发展认知神经科学:人脑毕生发展的功能连接组学时代

神经影像技术促进了脑科学研究的巨大进步,促成了发展认知神经科学的诞生.作为心理学与神经科学的交叉学科,发展认知神经科学在揭示心脑关联的内在机制上发挥着越来越重要的桥梁和纽带作用.人脑毕生发展的连接组学机制是该学科研究的核心科学问题之一,它将有望从毕生发展的视角深度解析微观底层(如分子与激素水平)与宏观高层(如个体与社会心理行为)相互作用的神经机制.本文将介绍当前发展认知神经科学的最新进展及人脑功能在毕生发展不同阶段的具体特征;阐述人脑毕生发展轨线绘制和常模构建的可行性和必要性,同时对人脑毕生发展常模建构的一系列问题,如数据采集、分析和处理等的规范,及已有的工作基础、研究前景与面临的挑战进行系统性的讨论.     

Climatic and environmental implications from n-alkanes in glacially eroded lake sediments in Tibetan Plateau: An example from Ximen Co

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify a series of n-alkanes in the sediments of a typical glacially eroded lake in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.By comparing the distribution patterns of n-alkanes in lake sediments,surface soils and cow manure,it was shown that n-C 27-n-C 33 alkanes in the soil ecosystem of Ximen Co are derived from vascular plant species and that the distribution pattern of n-C 27-n-C 33 alkanes remains unchanged during the feeding and digestion processes of herbivores.The relative percentage of C 27,C 29 and C 31 n-alkanes decreased from the bottom to the top of the sediment core showing a trend of degradation of higher plants in the Ximen Co lake region during the formation of the 44 cm core.210 Pb dating,combined with pre-existing AMS 14 C dating results showed that the depositional core reflects climatic and environmental variations since about 900 years before present.The n-alkane indexes (ACL 27-33,P aq,P wax) are comparable with regional temperature variation,especially recording the Little Ice Age event (LIA).This study highlights that n-alkanes are valid proxies for paleo-climate and paleo-environment reconstruction,despite the same distribution patterns in n-alkane molecular fossils derived from a typical glacially eroded lake.     

碳氮共渗层中残余奥氏体对疲劳性能的影响

通过对碳氮共渗层中不同残余奥氏体含量的试样进行了接触疲劳和弯曲疲劳试验，证明共渗层中残余奥氏作为4～6级时，疲劳寿命最高。本文还对残余奥氏体在疲劳过程中的行为进行了分析。     

Stereo mapping of Ming Great Wall with remote sensing

Listed by UNESCO in 1987 as a World Heritage site, the world-famous Ming Great Wall stretches several thousands of kilometers across northern China, and served as a massive military defensive system which in recent times has a unique historical, artistic and scientific value. Due to historical reasons and lack of advanced technologies, construction resources and conservation status of Ming Great Wall have not been investigated in any systematic manner; indeed, the extent of the Great Wall has not even been measured. This has resulted in a shortage of reliable first-hand scientific information on actual size, spatially resource distribution and preservation status of this World Heritage site. Driven by the urgent need to establish protection, research, renovation and management of Ming Great Wall, a comprehensive investigation and spatial mapping was jointly organized and completed by the State Bureau of Survey and Mapping and State Administration of Culture Heritage. High resolution digital stereo models at 1:10000 map scale covering the whole length of the Ming Great Wall have been created by photogrammetric reconstruction using nearly ten thousand aerial images. Spatial distribution and attributes of the wall sections, trenches and various subsidiary facilities in the surroundings of the Great Wall were measured with the help of digital photogrammetry workstations and results from field studies. Reliable and precise information about the Ming Great Wall has now been obtained and documented, including surface lengths, resource distribution, and preservation status. For example, the total length of Ming Great Wall is 8851.8 km, of which 6259.6 km is of actual wall, 2232.5 km of natural terrain, and 359.7 km of trenches. In category lengths, 1828.8 km is constructed of stone, 3411.3 km of earth, 249.6 km in brick, 197.5 km of cliff wall and the rest 572.4 km of other means. Such information provides the scientific basis and strong platform in helping to delineate areas needing protection, in planning conservation and renovation programs, as well as digital archiving for posterity and web-based applications for modern promotions of one of the world’s great attractions, the Ming Great Wall.     

耦合变压精馏分离甲醇-丙酸甲酯共沸体系的工艺模拟和优化

在丙酸甲酯和正丙醇酯交换法生产丙酸丙酯的过程中,反应精馏塔的塔顶会产生大量的丙酸甲酯和甲醇共沸物,可通过分离的手段使其中的丙酸甲酯循环使用。提出耦合变压精馏工艺,选用非随机（局部）双液体模型方程（NRTL）热力学模型,利用Aspen Plus V10.0对工艺流程进行模拟研究。以塔釜产品纯度为约束变量,高压塔塔釜能耗最低为优化目标,分别对理论板数、进料位置、回流比等参数进行优化,优化后的两塔最优工艺参数如下：常压塔理论板数31,回流比2.5,进料位置第9块塔板,循环物料进料位置第14块塔板;高压塔操作压力500 kPa,理论板数21,进料位置第13块塔板,回流比3.3。分离效果可达到甲醇质量分数99.95%,丙酸甲酯质量分数99.94%。与传统变压精馏相比,本文的耦合变压精馏可节省能耗48.8%。