Characteristics of strontium isotopes and their implications in the Qixing Cave of Guizhou,China

The strontium isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sr) of samples including soils, bedrock, soil waters, drip waters and their corresponding speleothems in the Qixing Cave (QXC), Guizhou Province, China, were systemically measured and analyzed. The results indicate that there are significant Sr isotopic differences among samples. The mean 87Sr/86Sr ratios in drip water for the samples 1#, 4# and 9# were 0.709568, 0.709139 and 0.708761, respectively, which possibly result from different flow paths, residence times, and other hydrogeological processes in the unsaturated zone overlying QXC. Meanwhile, levels of 40.8%, 57.6% and 72.4% of Sr in drip waters for 1#, 4# and 9#, respectively, were derived from bedrock dissolution, which was calculated by the mixture model of the two end-members (soil and bedrock). There is, however, no positive correlation between the relative proportion from bedrock dissolution (δ13C value is 1.8‰) and drip water δ13CDIC values. The mean drip water δ13CDIC value in 1# is the heaviest (–4.5‰) with the lowest contribution rate of bedrock dissolution, whereas the value in 9# is the lightest (–9.3‰) with the highest contribution rate of bedrock dissolution. The proportion from host rock dissolution in 4# is higher than that in 1# and lower than that in 9#, while its mean drip water δ13CDIC value (–8.6‰) is higher than that of 9# and lower than that for 1#. This suggests that the prior calcite precipitation (PCP) processes in the unsaturated zone overlying the cave are responsible for the δ13CDIC value differences between different drip waters, and not bedrock dissolution. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates that the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of speleothems in the 1# and 4# mainly reflect the variation in the relative proportions from the soil system (soil water) and bedrock dissolution overlying the cave. It is, therefore, feasible to use the strontium isotopic signals of speleothems as an indicator for soil chemical weathering intensity, and consequently as a monsoon proxy in the study area.     

基于改进滑模趋近律的航空发动机控制器设计

将多幂次滑模趋近律用于航空发动机控制,设计了基于滑模控制方法的航空发动机追踪控制器。针对多幂次滑模趋近律在航空发动机追踪控制中出现的高频振荡问题,提出了一种改进的多幂次滑模趋近律。基于改进多幂次滑模趋近律的追踪控制仿真表明,改进的多幂次滑模趋近律适用于航空发动机追踪控制,该方法不仅具备了多幂次滑模趋近方法响应速度快、鲁棒性好的优点,而且消除了控制中的高频振荡现象。     

地球反照对月表亮温的影响：基于CE-1 MRM数据分析

嫦娥一号（CE—1）搭载的微波辐射计（MRM）获得了全月微波亮度温度（阳）数据,但其中包含的大量信息（例如地球反照等）尚未被挖掘．地球反照是影响月表夜晚阳的重要热源,也是研究全球气候变化的重要途径．根据月球同步自转的特点,本研究基于CE-1MRM数据初步提取了地球反照影响下的月球正面的澄海和低纬度带的高地地区的亮温信息．结果表明：澄海地区的亮温主要在1．0-1．6K之间,低纬度带的高地地区则在0．2—0．6K之间．     

Transmission of oxygen isotope signals of precipitation-soil water-drip water and its implications in Liangfeng Cave of Guizhou,China

According to systemically monitoring results of oxygen （hydrogen） isotope compositions of precipitation, soil waters, soil CO2, cave drip waters and their corresponding speleothems in Liangfeng Cave （LFC） in Guizhou Province, Southwest China, it is found that local precipitation is the main source of soil waters and drip waters, and that the amplitudes of those δ18O values of three waters （precipitation, soil water and drip water） decrease in turn in the observed year, which are 0‰ to -10‰, -2‰ to -9‰ and -6‰ to -8‰, respectively. Moreover, the δ18O values for three waters show a roughly simultaneous variation, namely, that those values are lighter in the rainy seasons, weightier in the dry seasons, and that the average δ18O value of drip waters is about 0.3‰ weightier than that of precipitation, which is modified by surface evaporation processes. We also find that oxygen isotope equilibrium is reached or neared in the formation processes of speleothems in LFC system, and that it is feasible to reconstruct paleotemperature and paleoprecipitation by using δ18O values of speleothems. However, it should be noted that surface evaporation would affect the oxygen isotope values in the study area.     

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectral characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in cave drip waters and their responses to environment changes: Four cave systems as an example in Guizhou Province,China

Understanding the responses of fluorescence spectral characteristics of cave drip waters to modern environment and climate changes is key to the reconstructions of environmental and climatic changes using fluorescence spectral characteristics of speleothems. The fluorescence spectral characteristics of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in four active cave systems were analyzed with a three-dimensional （3D） fluorescence spectral analysis method. We found that the fluorescence types of DOC were mainly of fulvic-like and protein-like fluorescences, both in soil waters and cave drip waters. The intensity of fulvic-like fluorescence was positively correlated with the concentrations of DOC, suggesting that the DOC of cave drip waters was derived from the overlying soil layer of a cave system. Compared with the other cave systems, the variation range of the excitation and emission wavelengths for fulvic-like fluorescence of cave drip waters in Liangfeng cave system that had forest vegetation was smaller and the excitation wavelength was longer, while its fluorescence intensity varied significantly. By contrast, the excitation and emission wavelengths and fluorescence intensity for that in Jiangjun cave system that had a scrub and tussock vegetation showed the most significant variation, while its excitation wavelength was shorter. This implies that the variation of vegetation overlying a cave appears to be a factor affecting the fluorescence spectral characteristics of cave drip waters.     

美国瑶族社会文化变迁

20世纪80年代，部分南亚瑶族从老挝、泰国移居美国后，在和西方文化的接触过程中，其社会文化发生了巨大的变迁。根据笔者赴美调查所得，美国瑶族已基本从一个刀耕火种的山地民族演变为从事现代化生产的都市民族。究其原因，社会文化环境和自然环境的改变是美国瑶族文化变迁的根本原因，而美国政府的支持与指导是其变迁的重要因素。     

聚丙烯腈纤维热稳定化反应动力学研究

采用“改进Coats-Redfern”法,通过差式扫描量热(DSC)研究了聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维在惰性气氛中的热稳定化反应动力学,探索了PAN纤维在惰性气氛中的热稳定化反应机理。结果表明：在40~400℃范围内,PAN纤维在惰性气氛中的热稳定化反应总体上符合一级的反应级数模型,计算得到表观反应活化能E_a=177.1kJ/mol;进一步分区通过分区研究和计算,提出了“三区域反应动力学模型”,此模型的计算值与实验值相吻合,能很好地预测PAN纤维在不同升温速率时的热行为;初步提出了PAN纤维在惰性气氛中的热稳定化反应机理。     

PAN纤维预处理条件对其后续反应热性能的影响

将聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维在空气气氛中于180~240℃范围内进行预处理,利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)测试手段考察了预处理过程中形成的初期结构及其含量对纤维后续反应热性能的影响。结果表明:PAN纤维预处理过程中形成的含氧结构影响纤维的后续反应热性能;初期形成的含氧结构及其含量具有明显的时间效应和温度效应。     

DNA methylation status of H19 and Xist genes in lungs of somatic cell nuclear transfer bovines

In somatic cell nuclear transfer （SCNT） technologies, the donor cell＇s nuclei need to be epigenetically reprogrsmmed for embryonic development. The incomplete reprogramming of donor cell nuclei has been Implicated as s primary reason for the low efficiency of SCNT. DNA methylstion is s major epigenetic modification of the genome that regulates crucial aspects of genome function, including establishment of genomic imprinting. In order to make sure whether the DNA methylstion reprogramming is efficient in SCNT animals, we analyzed the DNA methylstion status of two imprinting genes, H19 and Xist, in lungs of deceased SCNT bovines that died within 48 h of birth using bisulfite sequencing analysis. Our findings demonstrated that cloned bovines showed significantly lower DNA methylstion of H19 than controls （P〈0.05）, and three tested CpGs sites （1, 2, 3） exhibited unmethylstion in one cloned bovine （9C3）; however, Xist showed similar DNA methylation levels between clones and controis, and both showed hypermethylstion （96.11% and 86.67%）.     

Participation of large-scale wind power generation in power system frequency regulation

The initiative participation of wind power generators in power system frequency regulation is an inevitable demand to ensure power system safe operation with large-scale wind power integration. However, it is principally difficult for conventional wind turbines to participate in power system frequency regulation. For this reason, solution to this problem is becoming a hot topic in the current studies. This paper systematically reviews the relevant research progresses in the control strategies and the capability assessment of using wind power generators in the power system frequency regulation, including the comparing among the emu- lating inertia control, the droop control, the rotor speed control, the pitch angle control and the coordinated control. Also, future research in this area is pointed out in the paper.