New insights on the external features of egg capsules and embryo development in the squid Loligo vulgaris

The embryonic development of the squid Loligo vulgaris was observed from 183 egg masses collected from special devices deployed throughout Cabrera National Park (Baleares Islands, western Mediterranean Sea). Sequence alignment analysis of the cytochrome oxidase I gene revealed that all embryos belonged to L. vulgaris. In total, 549 egg capsules were examined. Viable egg capsules (n = 420) were classified into one of five maturation stages according to the primary external features. The length of the viable egg capsules varied between 40 and 170 mm, and increased with embryonic development. The non-viable capsules (n = 129) were categorized into four groups: I (Ginger root), non-viable II and III, and empty egg capsule (IV). The percentage of non-viable capsules (i.e. grades I, II and III) was 92.25%. Empty capsules accounted for 7.75% of the total non-viable egg capsules. Embryonic development was classified into a second scale of eight stages. Egg capsule stage and embryonic stage were significantly related (n = 420; p < 0.001), facilitating the determination of the embryo developmental phase based on the outward appearance of the egg capsules. The embryo development stage based on the external features of the egg capsules might constitute an innovative tool for in situ embryological data collection. This new method is neither time consuming nor invasive, and could be helpful in fishing cruises, for scuba diving visual census in natural habitats and for laboratory culture. Slight variability in the developmental embryonic stages within egg capsules from the same egg mass was identified. The origin of this asynchrony is discussed. Chronological appearance of organs was similar to that of the six loliginid species previously examined. However, some developmental changes in the timing or rate of events (heterochronies) were observed: Hoyle’s organ was formed earlier in L. vulgaris and the appearance of ventral chromatophores was slightly delayed (2 days) compared with the other species considered.     

锆钛酸铅多晶材料的FR（LT）—FR（HT）相变及其热释电性质

本文研究了用共沉淀技术制备的PZT四种菱方相组分的均匀单相多晶体的介电特性和热释电特性。实验发现。菱方—菱方相变点的极化强度的异常变化是材料组成的函数。从组成PZT90/10和PZT94/6多晶体样品上可观察到介电系数、极化强度和热释电系数随温度发生的异常变化。但对于菱方组分PZT60/40和70/30却只能观察到热释电性质的异常变化。该二组分多晶体的相转变温度范围十分宽。文中引进铁电唯象理论描述了F_(R(LT))—F_(R(HT))相变行为。     

强非线性铁电陶瓷的电致伸缩效应

本文通过热力学自由能函数说明了电致伸缩效应唯象理论及其在各向异性强非线性铁电晶体中的应用。实验发现,菱方相纯PZT陶瓷组分的主要场诱应变效应是电致伸缩效应,可用x—P关系的二次方律来描述。但相界附近的四方相PZT陶瓷组分和PLZT组分,压电效应分量明显增大,其电致伸缩效应已呈现明显的四次方效应。可以预期,PZST系统的主要机电耦合效应是电致伸缩效应,其电场诱导应变是极化强度的高偶次方函数。     

压电弹性振动体的有限差分数值分析方法

本文用数值分析法,有限差分讨论压电弹性振动体的振动问题。计算压电振子的谐振频率,与用等效电路图法的计算结果相比较,平均误差小于0.18,有限差分数值分析法对具有一定形状的求解区域的求解是适宜的。     

内掺氧化钡对贝利特型水泥性能的影响

本文应用化学分析、XRD、SEM、EDAX、IR等测试手段,研究了在多种组分存在的条件下,内掺BaO对C_2S-C_4A_3-C_4AF-C系统矿物组成及性能的影响。     

固体电介质中电致陷阱产生与电子捕获动力学

考虑了固体电介质结构劣化的共同特点,本文从理论上表述了在宽广电场范围(10~5V/cm～击穿)作用下介质中电致陷阱产生的动力学过程,并以一级捕获动力学方程为依据,获得了包含新陷阱的陷阱捕获电子动力学特性方程,最后文中提出表面电位模型,实现了对这些动力学特性的研究,根据研究结果提出电击穿过程新模型。     

活化铜矿渣的组成及胶凝特性的研究

本文应用IR、XRD、DTA、OM、SEM、EDXA及化学分析等实验手段,研究了增钙活化铜矿渣的组成和铜矿渣的活化工艺参数,并探讨了含活化铜矿渣水泥的物理力学性能及胶凝特性。     

Performance of GARCH models in forecasting stock market volatility

This paper studies the performance of GARCH model and its modifications, using the rate of returns from the daily stock market indices of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) including Composite Index, Tins Index, Plantations Index, Properties Index, and Finance Index. The models are stationary GARCH, unconstrained GARCH, non‐negative GARCH, GARCH‐M, exponential GARCH and integrated GARCH. The parameters of these models and variance processes are estimated jointly using the maximum likelihood method. The performance of the within‐sample estimation is diagnosed using several goodness‐of‐fit statistics. We observed that, among the models, even though exponential GARCH is not the best model in the goodness‐of‐fit statistics, it performs best in describing the often‐observed skewness in stock market indices and in out‐of‐sample (one‐step‐ahead) forecasting. The integrated GARCH, on the other hand, is the poorest model in both respects. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Arithmetization and Rigor as Beliefs in the Development of Mathematics

With the arrival of the nineteenth century, a process of change guided the treatment of three basic elements in the development of mathematics: rigour, the arithmetization and the clarification of the concept of function, categorised as the most important tool in the development of the mathematical analysis. In this paper we will show how several prominent mathematicians contributed greatly to the development of these basic elements that allowed the solid underpinning of mathematics and the consideration of mathematics as an axiomatic way of thinking in which anyone can deduce valid conclusions from certain types of premises. This nineteenth century stage shares, possibly with the Heroic Age of Ancient Greece, the most revolutionary period in all history of mathematics.