零下温度时二维通道内界面活性剂减阻流动的实验研究

为了进行零下温度时区域供冷系统的界面活性剂减阻设计,测量了-5℃时以质量分数为20%的甘醇不冻液为溶剂的界面活性剂溶液油醇基二羟乙基甲基氯化铵在二维通道内的减阻特性,同时用粒子成像测速仪对减阻流动的湍流特性进行了测量.实验发现:质量分数为5×10-5~5×10-4的低浓度油醇基二羟乙基甲基氯化铵界面活性剂溶液在一定的雷诺数范围内均呈现减阻特性,且其减阻特性与质量分数和温度呈复杂关系,最大减阻值可高达70%以上;在湍流液体中只需加入少量该界面活性剂即可大幅度减少液体输送的动力消耗.与单独的质量分数为20%的甘醇不冻液湍流流动相比,添加界面活性剂抑制了湍流速度脉动,使雷诺应力完全消失.     

An origin of the radio jet in M87 at the location of the central black hole

Powerful radio jets from active galactic nuclei are thought to be powered by the accretion of material onto the supermassive black hole (the 'central engine'). M87 is one of the closest examples of this phenomenon, and the structure of its jet has been probed on a scale of about 100 Schwarzschild radii (R(s), the radius of the event horizon). However, the location of the central black hole relative to the jet base (a bright compact radio 'core') remains elusive. Observations of other jets indicate that the central engines are located about 10(4)-10(6)R(s) upstream from the radio core. Here we report radio observations of M87 at six frequencies that allow us to achieve a positional accuracy of about 20?microarcseconds. As the jet base becomes more transparent at higher frequencies, the multifrequency position measurements of the radio core enable us to determine the upstream end of the jet. The data reveal that the central engine of M87 is located within 14-23R(s) of the radio core at 43?GHz. This implies that the site of material infall onto the black hole and the eventual origin of the jet reside in the bright compact region seen on the image at 43?GHz.     

Inhibition of IgM antibody-mediated aggregation ofTrypanosoma gambiense in the presence of complement

This paper deals with the immune reaction betweenTrypanosoma gambiense and monoclonal IgM mouse antibody at equivalence with or without rabbit complement. Antibody-mediated trypanosome clumps formed in the absence of complement, and were readily dissociated by complement to become free. In the presence of complement, on the other hand,T. gambiense were not aggregated by the antibody. Free parasites adhered readily to cultured peritoneal macrophages. Complement-mediated dissociation of the clumped trypanosomes in the equivalence area released a large number of previously bound surface antigens. These antigens were capable of binding again to fresh IgM antibody. Experimental results further indicated that the complement system caused a functional alteration, changing the multivalent nature of the IgM antibody in the immune complex into a univalent one. This phenomenon is of great advantage to the infected host in clearing pathogens in vivo, as it allows more antibodies to attach to trypanosomes and subsequently initiate complement activity.     

Water isotope variations in the snow pack and summer precipitation at July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China

This paper presents the stable isotope data of the snow pack and summer precipitation collected at the July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China and analyses their relationships with meteorologi- cal factors. On an event scale, there is no temperature effect on the δ 18O values in the summer pre- cipitation, whereas the amount effect is shown to be clear. By tracing the moisture transport history and comparing the precipitation with its isotopic composition, it is shown that this amount effect not only reflects the change in moisture trajectory, which is related to the monsoon activities, but is also associated with the cooling degree of vapor in the cloud, the evaporation of falling raindrops and the isotopic exchange between the falling drops and the atmospheric vapor. As very little precipitation occurs in winter, the snow pack profile mainly represents the precipitation in the other three seasons. There are low precipitation δ 18O ratios in summer and high ratios in spring and autumn. The Meteoric Water Line (MLW) for the summer precipitation is δ D = 7.6 δ 18O 13.3, which is similar to that at Delingha, located in the south rim of the Qilian Mountains. The MWL for the snow pack is δ D = 10.4 δ 18O 41.4, showing a large slope and intercept. The deuterium excess (d) of the snow pack is positively correlated with δ 18O, indicating that both d and δ 18O decrease from spring to summer and increase from early autumn to early spring. This then results in the high slope and intercept of the MWL. Sea- sonal fluctuations of d in the snow pack indicate the change of moisture source and trajectory. During spring and autumn, the moisture originates from continental recycling or rapid evaporation over rela- tively warm water bodies like Black, Caspian and Aral Seas when the dry westerly air masses pass over them, hence very high d values in precipitation are formed. During summer, the monsoon is responsi- ble for the low d values. This indicates that the monsoon can reach the western part of the Qilian Mountains.     

The codon CUG is read as serine in an asporogenic yeast Candida cylindracea

Deviations from the universal genetic code have been reported for several microorganisms. Termination codons are used for coding some amino acids in Paramecium, Mycoplasma or Tetrahymena, and in Escherichia coli, the UGA termination codon is used to code for selenocysteine. In mitochondria, the changes of sense codons to termination codons or to codons encoding other amino acids have also been reported. Here we report another example of divergence from the universal code, this time in a non-spore-forming yeast Candida cylindracea, in which the universal codon for leucine, CUG, is used to code for serine. This conclusion is based on the observations that: (1) the amino-acid composition and the partial amino-acid sequences of an extracellular lipase from this yeast agreed with those deduced from the complementary DNA if CUG was assumed to specify serine; and (2) serine, but not leucine, was incorporated into a polypeptide in a cell-free translation system from this yeast in the presence of a synthetic CUG oligomer.     

界面活性剂减阻溶液在自由面旋转流中的流动特性研究

利用粒子成像测速仪系统对开口圆柱容器内由旋转底盘带动的低浓度十六烷基三甲基氯化铵界面活性剂溶液的旋转流动进行了实验研究.界面活性剂溶液的质量分数范围为5×10-5~1×10-3,雷诺数为4.3×104.实验得到了旋转流体自由面中心下陷深度与界面活性剂溶液质量分数和减阻之间的对应关系,为小黏弹性低浓度界面活性剂溶液的减阻特性判别提供了一种方法,同时也得到了界面活性剂溶液小黏弹性对自由面旋转流动涡结构的影响规律.实验发现对于水的自由面旋转流而言,其中央轴对称平面内的流动形态与低雷诺数情况有很大的不同,由离心力引起的惯性驱动涡被由涡分裂引起的反方向旋转涡推挤到自由面与容器壁面之间的角落内;对于质量分数为1×10-3的界面活性剂溶液而言,其中央轴对称平面内弹性驱动涡占主导地位,惯性驱动涡被挤压在容器底部与容器壁面之间的角落内.     

Influence of lodgement site on the proliferation-kinetics of tumor cells

Summary This paper describes the influence of lodgement site on the proliferation-kinetics of rat ascites hepatoma AH7974. It was demonstrated that there was a difference in labeling indexes between tumor cells in the brain and in the choroid plexus in both single and continuous administration of tritiated thymidine.     

HAR1 mediates systemic regulation of symbiotic organ development

Symbiotic root nodules are beneficial to leguminous host plants; however, excessive nodulation damages the host because it interferes with the distribution of nutrients in the plant. To keep a steady balance, the nodulation programme is regulated systemically in leguminous hosts. Leguminous mutants that have lost this ability display a hypernodulating phenotype. Through the use of reciprocal and self-grafting studies using Lotus japonicus hypernodulating mutants, har1 (also known as sym78), we show that the shoot genotype is responsible for the negative regulation of nodule development. A map-based cloning strategy revealed that HAR1 encodes a protein with a relative molecular mass of 108,000, which contains 21 leucine-rich repeats, a single transmembrane domain and serine/threonine kinase domains. The har1 mutant phenotype was rescued by transfection of the HAR1 gene. In a comparison of Arabidopsis receptor-like kinases, HAR1 showed the highest level of similarity with CLAVATA1 (CLV1). CLV1 negatively regulates formation of the shoot and floral meristems through cell-cell communication involving the CLV3 peptide. Identification of hypernodulation genes thus indicates that genes in leguminous plants bearing a close resemblance to CLV1 regulate nodule development systemically, by means of organ-organ communication.