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A long‐standing puzzle to financial economists is the difficulty of outperforming the benchmark random walk model in out‐of‐sample contests. Using data from the USA over the period of 1872–2007, this paper re‐examines the out‐of‐sample predictability of real stock prices based on price–dividend (PD) ratios. The current research focuses on the significance of the time‐varying mean and nonlinear dynamics of PD ratios in the empirical analysis. Empirical results support the proposed nonlinear model of the PD ratio and the stationarity of the trend‐adjusted PD ratio. Furthermore, this paper rejects the non‐predictability hypothesis of stock prices statistically based on in‐ and out‐of‐sample tests and economically based on the criteria of expected real return per unit of risk. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Shoot control of root development and nodulation is mediated by a receptor-like kinase 总被引:35,自引:0,他引:35
Krusell L Madsen LH Sato S Aubert G Genua A Szczyglowski K Duc G Kaneko T Tabata S de Bruijn F Pajuelo E Sandal N Stougaard J 《Nature》2002,420(6914):422-426
In legumes, root nodule organogenesis is activated in response to morphogenic lipochitin oligosaccharides that are synthesized by bacteria, commonly known as rhizobia. Successful symbiotic interaction results in the formation of highly specialized organs called root nodules, which provide a unique environment for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In wild-type plants the number of nodules is regulated by a signalling mechanism integrating environmental and developmental cues to arrest most rhizobial infections within the susceptible zone of the root. Furthermore, a feedback mechanism controls the temporal and spatial susceptibility to infection of the root system. This mechanism is referred to as autoregulation of nodulation, as earlier nodulation events inhibit nodulation of younger root tissues. Lotus japonicus plants homozygous for a mutation in the hypernodulation aberrant root (har1) locus escape this regulation and form an excessive number of nodules. Here we report the molecular cloning and expression analysis of the HAR1 gene and the pea orthologue, Pisum sativum, SYM29. HAR1 encodes a putative serine/threonine receptor kinase, which is required for shoot-controlled regulation of root growth, nodule number, and for nitrate sensitivity of symbiotic development. 相似文献
3.
Acrylamide from Maillard reaction products 总被引:75,自引:0,他引:75
Stadler RH Blank I Varga N Robert F Hau J Guy PA Robert MC Riediker S 《Nature》2002,419(6906):449-450
The discovery of the adventitious formation of the potential cancer-causing agent acrylamide in a variety of foods during cooking has raised much concern, but the chemical mechanism(s) governing its production are unclear. Here we show that acrylamide can be released by the thermal treatment of certain amino acids (asparagine, for example), particularly in combination with reducing sugars, and of early Maillard reaction products (N-glycosides). Our findings indicate that the Maillard-driven generation of flavour and colour in thermally processed foods can -- under particular conditions -- be linked to the formation of acrylamide. 相似文献
4.
Observation of coherent optical information storage in an atomic medium using halted light pulses 总被引:36,自引:0,他引:36
Electromagnetically induced transparency is a quantum interference effect that permits the propagation of light through an otherwise opaque atomic medium; a 'coupling' laser is used to create the interference necessary to allow the transmission of resonant pulses from a 'probe' laser. This technique has been used to slow and spatially compress light pulses by seven orders of magnitude, resulting in their complete localization and containment within an atomic cloud. Here we use electromagnetically induced transparency to bring laser pulses to a complete stop in a magnetically trapped, cold cloud of sodium atoms. Within the spatially localized pulse region, the atoms are in a superposition state determined by the amplitudes and phases of the coupling and probe laser fields. Upon sudden turn-off of the coupling laser, the compressed probe pulse is effectively stopped; coherent information initially contained in the laser fields is 'frozen' in the atomic medium for up to 1 ms. The coupling laser is turned back on at a later time and the probe pulse is regenerated: the stored coherence is read out and transferred back into the radiation field. We present a theoretical model that reveals that the system is self-adjusting to minimize dissipative loss during the 'read' and 'write' operations. We anticipate applications of this phenomenon for quantum information processing. 相似文献
5.
Rawat UB Zavialov AV Sengupta J Valle M Grassucci RA Linde J Vestergaard B Ehrenberg M Frank J 《Nature》2003,421(6918):87-90
Protein synthesis takes place on the ribosome, where genetic information carried by messenger RNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids. This process is terminated when a stop codon moves into the ribosomal decoding centre (DC) and is recognized by a class-1 release factor (RF). RFs have a conserved GGQ amino-acid motif, which is crucial for peptide release and is believed to interact directly with the peptidyl-transferase centre (PTC) of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Another conserved motif of RFs (SPF in RF2) has been proposed to interact directly with stop codons in the DC of the 30S subunit. The distance between the DC and PTC is approximately 73 A. However, in the X-ray structure of RF2, SPF and GGQ are only 23 A apart, indicating that they cannot be at DC and PTC simultaneously. Here we show that RF2 is in an open conformation when bound to the ribosome, allowing GGQ to reach the PTC while still allowing SPF-stop-codon interaction. The results indicate new interpretations of accuracy in termination, and have implications for how the presence of a stop codon in the DC is signalled to PTC. 相似文献
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Structure of the Escherichia coli ribosomal termination complex with release factor 2 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Klaholz BP Pape T Zavialov AV Myasnikov AG Orlova EV Vestergaard B Ehrenberg M van Heel M 《Nature》2003,421(6918):90-94
Termination of protein synthesis occurs when the messenger RNA presents a stop codon in the ribosomal aminoacyl (A) site. Class I release factor proteins (RF1 or RF2) are believed to recognize stop codons via tripeptide motifs, leading to release of the completed polypeptide chain from its covalent attachment to transfer RNA in the ribosomal peptidyl (P) site. Class I RFs possess a conserved GGQ amino-acid motif that is thought to be involved directly in protein-transfer-RNA bond hydrolysis. Crystal structures of bacterial and eukaryotic class I RFs have been determined, but the mechanism of stop codon recognition and peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis remains unclear. Here we present the structure of the Escherichia coli ribosome in a post-termination complex with RF2, obtained by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Fitting the known 70S and RF2 structures into the electron density map reveals that RF2 adopts a different conformation on the ribosome when compared with the crystal structure of the isolated protein. The amino-terminal helical domain of RF2 contacts the factor-binding site of the ribosome, the 'SPF' loop of the protein is situated close to the mRNA, and the GGQ-containing domain of RF2 interacts with the peptidyl-transferase centre (PTC). By connecting the ribosomal decoding centre with the PTC, RF2 functionally mimics a tRNA molecule in the A site. Translational termination in eukaryotes is likely to be based on a similar mechanism. 相似文献
8.
针对熔融高聚物进入壁温低于高聚物固化温度的模腔中,被迅速冷却而形成固化层的现象,采用有限元法对高聚物在薄模腔中的流动,及伴有固化现象的传热进行模拟,并进行实验研究和验证.计算及实测结果一致. 相似文献
9.
提出了一种基于快速傅立叶变换的边缘扩展信道插值算法(EFFT,Edged Extend Fast Fourier Transform)。该算法对OFDM符号有效频带边缘的两端频点做镜像线性扩展,使增加的导频信息能改善有效频带边缘附近的信道估计性能。仿真结果表明,在低阶调制且SNR较低时,EFFT插值算法的性能与维纳滤波信道估计算法相当,且较传统FFT插值算法的MSE提升1dB左右。在实现复杂度方面,EFFT算法与FFT算法相当;与维纳滤波算法相比运算量明显降低。EFFT算法不需要对现有技术标准进行改动,也不会降低系统的传输效率。 相似文献
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基于对原子核定态能级实验事实进行分析,通过单核子在平均自洽场中独立运动模型,将壳层模型汤川秀树势和伍德萨松势分析模拟,建立汤川-伍德-萨松-势(Y-W-S-P).并结合液滴模型势能的特性,魏扎克(C.F.Weizsacker)公式建立综合模型势,同时建立了相应的定态薛定谔方程.应用泰勒微扰法和类氢原子能量表象的径向矩阵元的精要形式,求得一级微扰能和零级能,导出了原子核能级精细结构解,其结果与实验值有可比性. 相似文献