细菌聚类新方法: ddT聚类技术分析香根草联合固氮菌多样性

利用高分辨率的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术, 采用新型遗传分析仪Li-COR 4300L, 结合测序的双脱氧链终止法原理, 建立了基于16S rDNA序列T碱基分布特征的一种新的细菌多样性聚类技术——ddT聚类技术. 应用该新的ddT聚类技术对分离自香根草的47株联合固氮菌多样性进行了聚类分析, 获得了6个不同的主要类群, 表明香根草联合固氮菌具有较大的遗传资源多样性. 应用SDS-PAGE全细胞蛋白质电泳和DNA指纹图谱方法对该聚类结果进行验证, 结果表明, 该新聚类技术可以应用于细菌的多样性聚类分析. 16S rDNA序列测定和系统发育分析表明, 供试的联合固氮菌分别与?-变形杆菌纲(γ-proteobacteria)的阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae), Enterobacter ludwigii, Pantoea ananatis, 恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida), 荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)和β-变形杆菌(β-proteobacteria)的中型假食酸菌(Pseudaci- dovorax intermedius), Mitsuaria chitosanitabida, 越南伯克氏菌(Burkholderia vietnamiensis), 佛莱辛草螺菌(Herbaspirillum frisingense)亲缘关系相近, 其中肠杆菌属、伯克氏菌属和泛菌属是香根草联合固氮菌的优势类群, 分别占分离菌株总数的45%, 19%和13%, 它们一起构成了分离菌株总数的77%.     

关于环境材料课程的开设情况综述

21世纪是可持续发展的世纪,社会、经济的可持续发展要求以自然资源为基础,与环境承载能力相协调。环境材料是人类保护环境、走可持续发展道路的意识在材料科学与工程学科的具体体现和实践,环境材料课程对材料类学生环保意识的增强有着非常重要的积极意义。     

信息的滞后性诱导传染病的周期爆发

通常情况下,一种传染病的爆发往往会引起人们某种行为方式的改变,如减少外出、接种疫苗、注意卫生等,这些行为方式的改变又会对疾病的传播方式和控制效果产生很大影响.为了刻画这类行为方式改变的影响,在本文中提出一个改进的SIRS传播模型：易感染者可以处于两种状态——无保护态（Su）和保护态（Sp）.易感染个体根据对疾病风险的估计在无保护态和保护态之间不断切换,从Su到Sp的转移概率随着感染人数的增加而增加,反之,从Sp到Su的转移概率随着感染人数的增加而减小.同时,我们假设个体对风险的估计依赖于他们对疾病风险信息的了解程度.通过Monte-Carlo和MarkovChain方法,发现对传染病风险判断的滞后性会导致传染病的周期爆发.     

Cross-modal signaling in giant pandas

For solitary species that aggregate to breed, signals, such as sound or odor, transmitted across the landscape can play an important role in mate choice and coordinating breeding activity. Recent work on vocalizations of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), bleats and chirps that are emitted during periods of reproductive activity, has revealed that auditory communication in this species is more complicated and developed than once believed. However, playback experiments using these calls have recorded only a few behaviors over short observation times and the influence of these calls on the signaling behavior of receivers remains unknown. Here, we present results from a pilot study in which we played the bleats of male and female giant pandas in estrus to captive animals and measured vocal and chemical signaling response behavior. We found an increase in scent marking behavior, but not vocalizations, in males and females following the playback of calls made by members of the opposite sex in estrus. To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect a chemical communication response, which was marking, to an auditory signal in giant pandas. Our findings reveal a previously unknown relationship between acoustic and chemical signals in this high profile species and suggest that these two forms of signaling may be interdependent in the social lives of giant pandas.     

Male panda （Ailuropoda melanoleuca） urine contains kinship information

Chemical communication plays an important role in kin selection and mate choice in mammals. The covariance of odor-genes of rodents has been documented and kinship odor has been proposed and termed, yet little is known of the relationship between genetic relatedness and chemical composition of kinship odors. Giant pandas （Ailuropoda melanoleuca） rely substantially on chemical communication to mediate their social interactions. To examine the relationship between genetic relatedness and compounds in the urine/anogenital gland secretions, we compared the similarities between genetic relatedness and the chemical profiles of anogenital gland secretions and urine via lineage construction and GC-MS （gas chromatography and mass spectrometry）. We found that information about kinship odors was present only in the urine of male adults in the mating season but absent in the non-mating season. Adult females and all sub-adults did not have such kinship odors in either mating or non-mating season. Therefore, kinship odor in the panda was contingent on age, sex, and season. This is the first report about the condition-dependent expression of kinship odor, which may have a significant implication in the practice of panda conservation in relation to chemical communication and sexual selection.     

Transpositional behaviour of the Ds element in the Ac/Ds system in rice

Insertional mutagenesis based on maize Activator/Dissociator (Ac/Ds) transposons is becoming a ma- jor approach used to produce a saturated mutant collection in rice. In this research, Ds-T-DNA trans- formed homozygotes were crossed with Ac-T-DNA transformed homozygotes in order to establish an Ac/Ds transposon system in rice. The successive investigation of Ds transposition from F1 to F5 gen- erations indicated that the frequencies of germinal transposition increased over successive genera- tions and reached 54.2% in F3 generation. The Ds transposition pattern revealed that a Ds transposition induced an approximately 170-bp deletion of T-DNA sequence and another Ds transposition carried a 272-bp T-DNA sequence. Using thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR), some flanking se- quences of the Ds element were amplified. Analyses of 17 Ds-flanking sequences showed that five Ds were inserted into gene regions. The Ds could transpose not only to the linked sites but also to the unlinked sites. The frequency of inter-chromosomal transposition of Ds was 33.3%.