Pragmatism, Realism and Hermeneutics

This paper explores themethodological consequences of AmericanPragmatism for the social sciences. It alsocriticises some rival perspectives onmethodology of social research, in particularfalsificationist, realist and someanti-naturalist views. It is argued thatAmerican Pragmatism shows striking affinitieswith the genealogical method of history and thereflexive turn in cultural anthropology. It isalso argued that Pragmatism forces us to thinkdifferently about the relationship betweentheory and empirical research.     

Gene therapy: is IL2RG oncogenic in T-cell development?

The gene IL2RG encodes the gamma-chain of the interleukin-2 receptor and is mutated in patients with X-linked severe combined immune deficiency (X-SCID). Woods et al. report the development of thymus tumours in a mouse model of X-SCID after correction by lentiviral overexpression of IL2RG and claim that these were caused by IL2RG itself. Here we find that retroviral overexpression of IL2RG in human CD34+ cells has no effect on T-cell development, whereas overexpression of the T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) oncogene LMO2 leads to severe abnormalities. Retroviral expression of IL2RG may therefore not be directly oncogenic--rather, the restoration of normal signalling by the interleukin-7 receptor to X-SCID precursor cells allows progression of T-cell development to stages that are permissive for the pro-leukaemic effects of ectopic LMO2.     

低碳锰钢中周期性带状组织

用扫描电镜和电子探针研究了低碳锰钢中的周期性带状组织，结果表明，在全部研究用钢中，钢锭经热轧后均出现这种组织，其严重程度随钢的成分而异，并随坯带加工顺序而增加，带状组织与锰的显微偏析等因素有关，适当的调整碳锰以及形成模跨铁素体带的转变产物可降低带状组织的严重程度。     

Aggregations of dense granules in mitochondria of active pulmonary lymphatic endothelial cells

Résumé Nous avons étudié les mitochondries dans les cellules endothéliales de lymphatiques pulmonaires chez des lapins nouveau-nés après instillation intratrachéale de ferritine ou de charbon. Les mitochondries des cellules qui ont endocyté de la ferritine et qui ont été fixées au glutaraldéhyde et au tétroxide d'osmium contiennent après coloration à l'acétate d'uranyle et au citrate de plomb des aggrégations de granules plus ou moins rondes (diamètre de 300 à 800 Å) qui d'après nous, n'ont pas encore été décrites auparavant. Quoique la nature précise de ces granules reste inconnue, il est possible qu'elles soient en relation avec une augmentation du métabolisme des cellules endothéliales, stimulées par l'endocytose et la digestion des particules de ferritine.

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Supported by a grant from the Council for Tobacco Research (USA). We thankR. Renwart andB. Emanuel for technical,G. Pison andS. Ons for photographical andN. Tyberghien andG. Verbeeck for secretarial assistance.     

Contents of Volume 8

Volume Contents

Contents of Volume 8