产生快中子的长寿命氚化钛靶

中子束诊断技术在先进制造业、炸药、走私吕检查、医疗和其它工业中都得到了广泛的应用。在轰击能量低的情况下，产生高通量快中子的最佳核反应是＾３Ｈ（ｄ，ｎ）＾４Ｈｅ，即ｄ－Ｔ反应。现在运用ｄ－Ｔ反应的中子发生器的寿命受轰击是氚气从靶上逐渐释出的限制。本文是一篇研究限制氚束粒子取代氚束粒子取代氚，从而防止氚气释放造成中子产额减少的工作进展报告。可以预计，利用固定在高氢热扩散率基片上，如铌基础上的薄氚钛靶，     

基于高分四号卫星的北京市城区森林叶面积指数反演

为分析太阳多角度的光谱信息在反演森林LAI中的应用潜力,本文基于高分卫星数据构建七种常用的植被指数,并添加纹理信息,对北京市开展区域LAI反演研究.采用随机森林和线性回归,通过提取不同太阳角度的高分卫星数据的植被指数以及影像纹理均值,与实测数据建立回归模型反演叶面积指数,R2和RMSE作为指标对模型进行精度评价.与以往...     

HIV preferentially infects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells

HIV infection is associated with the progressive loss of CD4(+) T cells through their destruction or decreased production. A central, yet unresolved issue of HIV disease is the mechanism for this loss, and in particular whether HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells are preferentially affected. Here we show that HIV-specific memory CD4(+) T cells in infected individuals contain more HIV viral DNA than other memory CD4(+) T cells, at all stages of HIV disease. Additionally, following viral rebound during interruption of antiretroviral therapy, the frequency of HIV viral DNA in the HIV-specific pool of memory CD4(+) T cells increases to a greater extent than in memory CD4(+) T cells of other specificities. These findings show that HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells are preferentially infected by HIV in vivo. This provides a potential mechanism to explain the loss of HIV-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses, and consequently the loss of immunological control of HIV replication. Furthermore, the phenomenon of HIV specifically infecting the very cells that respond to it adds a cautionary note to the practice of structured therapy interruption.     

Aggregation and vesiculation of membrane proteins by curvature-mediated interactions

Membrane remodelling plays an important role in cellular tasks such as endocytosis, vesiculation and protein sorting, and in the biogenesis of organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus. It is well established that the remodelling process is aided by specialized proteins that can sense as well as create membrane curvature, and trigger tubulation when added to synthetic liposomes. Because the energy needed for such large-scale changes in membrane geometry significantly exceeds the binding energy between individual proteins and between protein and membrane, cooperative action is essential. It has recently been suggested that curvature-mediated attractive interactions could aid cooperation and complement the effects of specific binding events on membrane remodelling. But it is difficult to experimentally isolate curvature-mediated interactions from direct attractions between proteins. Moreover, approximate theories predict repulsion between isotropically curving proteins. Here we use coarse-grained membrane simulations to show that curvature-inducing model proteins adsorbed on lipid bilayer membranes can experience attractive interactions that arise purely as a result of membrane curvature. We find that once a minimal local bending is realized, the effect robustly drives protein cluster formation and subsequent transformation into vesicles with radii that correlate with the local curvature imprint. Owing to its universal nature, curvature-mediated attraction can operate even between proteins lacking any specific interactions, such as newly synthesized and still immature membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.     

A mixed-model approach for genome-wide association studies of correlated traits in structured populations

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a standard approach for studying the genetics of natural variation. A major concern in GWAS is the need to account for the complicated dependence structure of the data, both between loci as well as between individuals. Mixed models have emerged as a general and flexible approach for correcting for population structure in GWAS. Here, we extend this linear mixed-model approach to carry out GWAS of correlated phenotypes, deriving a fully parameterized multi-trait mixed model (MTMM) that considers both the within-trait and between-trait variance components simultaneously for multiple traits. We apply this to data from a human cohort for correlated blood lipid traits from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 and show greatly increased power to detect pleiotropic loci that affect more than one blood lipid trait. We also apply this approach to an Arabidopsis thaliana data set for flowering measurements in two different locations, identifying loci whose effect depends on the environment.