全文获取类型
收费全文 | 964篇 |
免费 | 3篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 7篇 |
丛书文集 | 1篇 |
教育与普及 | 4篇 |
理论与方法论 | 14篇 |
现状及发展 | 80篇 |
研究方法 | 193篇 |
综合类 | 607篇 |
自然研究 | 65篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 4篇 |
2018年 | 6篇 |
2017年 | 13篇 |
2016年 | 8篇 |
2015年 | 6篇 |
2014年 | 7篇 |
2013年 | 9篇 |
2012年 | 86篇 |
2011年 | 161篇 |
2010年 | 26篇 |
2009年 | 9篇 |
2008年 | 81篇 |
2007年 | 96篇 |
2006年 | 98篇 |
2005年 | 88篇 |
2004年 | 68篇 |
2003年 | 79篇 |
2002年 | 86篇 |
2001年 | 2篇 |
2000年 | 4篇 |
1999年 | 2篇 |
1997年 | 3篇 |
1996年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 1篇 |
1992年 | 2篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有971条查询结果,搜索用时 461 毫秒
1.
Mark H. Bickhard 《Foundations of Science》2003,8(3):283-293
If the general arguments concerning theinvolvement of variation and selection inexplanations of ``fit'' are valid, then variationand selection explanations should beappropriate, or at least potentiallyappropriate, outside the paradigm historisticdomains of biology and knowledge. In thisdiscussion, I wish to indicate some potentialroles for variation and selection infoundational physics – specifically inquantum field theory. I will not be attemptingany full coherent ontology for quantum fieldtheory – none currently exists, and none islikely for at least the short term future. Instead, I wish to engage in some partiallyspeculative interpretations of some interestingresults in this area with the aim ofdemonstrating that variation and selectionnotions might play a role even here. Ifvariation and selection can survive in even asinhospitable and non-paradigmatic a terrain asfoundational physics, then it can surviveanywhere. 相似文献
2.
A calcium sensor in the sodium channel modulates cardiac excitability. 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Hanno L Tan Sabina Kupershmidt Rong Zhang Svetlana Stepanovic Dan M Roden Arthur A M Wilde Mark E Anderson Jeffrey R Balser 《Nature》2002,415(6870):442-447
Sodium channels are principal molecular determinants responsible for myocardial conduction and maintenance of the cardiac rhythm. Calcium ions (Ca2+) have a fundamental role in the coupling of cardiac myocyte excitation and contraction, yet mechanisms whereby intracellular Ca2+ may directly modulate Na channel function have yet to be identified. Here we show that calmodulin (CaM), a ubiquitous Ca2+-sensing protein, binds to the carboxy-terminal 'IQ' domain of the human cardiac Na channel (hH1) in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This binding interaction significantly enhances slow inactivation-a channel-gating process linked to life-threatening idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias. Mutations targeted to the IQ domain disrupted CaM binding and eliminated Ca2+/CaM-dependent slow inactivation, whereas the gating effects of Ca2+/CaM were restored by intracellular application of a peptide modelled after the IQ domain. A naturally occurring mutation (A1924T) in the IQ domain altered hH1 function in a manner characteristic of the Brugada arrhythmia syndrome, but at the same time inhibited slow inactivation induced by Ca2+/CaM, yielding a clinically benign (arrhythmia free) phenotype. 相似文献
3.
4.
5.
(接上期)上面提到的非定居移住民,是指从福建及浙江省南部的台州府等地流入奉化县山区的人,即所谓的“棚民”。在位于忠义乡以西的剡源乡,可以见到如下的记事 。剡源向乏水患,亦无劫案。自嘉庆初,闽、台(福建省与浙江省台州府———引用者)棚民相率来剡〔源乡〕,种靛青、种苞芦,日辟日广。如牛山之濯濯水,无所蓄迨。〔嘉庆〕末年,大雨连旬,山水骤注于溪,溪不能容,遂漂没田畴无算。……比年仙居、黄岩无业贫民偕来工作,寓居山厂,一不得食,抢劫之案,层见叠出。由此来看,自嘉庆初年( 1 8世纪末)以降,福建等地的棚民、浙江南部的贫民流入该地山… 相似文献
6.
Makoto Ue 《复旦学报(自然科学版)》2007,(5)
1 Results Electrochemical energy storage devices such as lithium-ion batteries[1-2] and double-layer capacitors[3-4] have attracted a great deal of attention because of their potential application to electric hybrid vehicles. They utilize nonaqueous electrolyte solutions comprising from organic solvents and lithium or quaternary ammonium salts with fluorine-containing anions. This is because the relatively large anions with electron-withdrawing atoms enable ionic dissociation in dipolar aprotic solvents... 相似文献
7.
The ability to improve out-of-sample forecasting performance by combining forecasts is well established in the literature. This paper advances this literature in the area of multivariate volatility forecasts by developing two combination weighting schemes that exploit volatility persistence to emphasise certain losses within the combination estimation period. A comprehensive empirical analysis of the out-of-sample forecast performance across varying dimensions, loss functions, sub-samples and forecast horizons show that new approaches significantly outperform their counterparts in terms of statistical accuracy. Within the financial applications considered, significant benefits from combination forecasts relative to the individual candidate models are observed. Although the more sophisticated combination approaches consistently rank higher relative to the equally weighted approach, their performance is statistically indistinguishable given the relatively low power of these loss functions. Finally, within the applications, further analysis highlights how combination forecasts dramatically reduce the variability in the parameter of interest, namely the portfolio weight or beta. 相似文献
8.
Vincent A. van der Mark Mohammed Ghiboub Casper Marsman Jing Zhao Remco van Dijk Johan K. Hiralall Kam S. Ho-Mok Zoë Castricum Wouter J. de Jonge Ronald P. J. Oude Elferink Coen C. Paulusma 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2017,74(4):715-730
P4-ATPases are lipid flippases that catalyze the transport of phospholipids to create membrane phospholipid asymmetry and to initiate the biogenesis of transport vesicles. Here we show, for the first time, that lipid flippases are essential to dampen the inflammatory response and to mediate the endotoxin-induced endocytic retrieval of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in human macrophages. Depletion of CDC50A, the β-subunit that is crucial for the activity of multiple P4-ATPases, resulted in endotoxin-induced hypersecretion of proinflammatory cytokines, enhanced MAP kinase signaling and constitutive NF-κB activation. In addition, CDC50A-depleted THP-1 macrophages displayed reduced tolerance to endotoxin. Moreover, endotoxin-induced internalization of TLR4 was strongly reduced and coincided with impaired endosomal MyD88-independent signaling. The phenotype of CDC50A-depleted cells was also induced by separate knockdown of two P4-ATPases, namely ATP8B1 and ATP11A. We conclude that lipid flippases are novel elements of the innate immune response that are essential to attenuate the inflammatory response, possibly by mediating endotoxin-induced internalization of TLR4. 相似文献
9.
Activation of stress signalling pathways enhances tolerance of fungi to chemical fungicides and antifungal proteins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Brigitte M. E. Hayes Marilyn A. Anderson Ana Traven Nicole L. van der Weerden Mark R. Bleackley 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2014,71(14):2651-2666
Fungal disease is an increasing problem in both agriculture and human health. Treatment of human fungal disease involves the use of chemical fungicides, which generally target the integrity of the fungal plasma membrane or cell wall. Chemical fungicides used for the treatment of plant disease, have more diverse mechanisms of action including inhibition of sterol biosynthesis, microtubule assembly and the mitochondrial respiratory chain. However, these treatments have limitations, including toxicity and the emergence of resistance. This has led to increased interest in the use of antimicrobial peptides for the treatment of fungal disease in both plants and humans. Antimicrobial peptides are a diverse group of molecules with differing mechanisms of action, many of which remain poorly understood. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly apparent that stress response pathways are involved in the tolerance of fungi to both chemical fungicides and antimicrobial peptides. These signalling pathways such as the cell wall integrity and high-osmolarity glycerol pathway are triggered by stimuli, such as cell wall instability, changes in osmolarity and production of reactive oxygen species. Here we review stress signalling induced by treatment of fungi with chemical fungicides and antifungal peptides. Study of these pathways gives insight into how these molecules exert their antifungal effect and also into the mechanisms used by fungi to tolerate sub-lethal treatment by these molecules. Inactivation of stress response pathways represents a potential method of increasing the efficacy of antifungal molecules. 相似文献
10.