Effects of carmine and carminic acid on embryonic tissue cell cultures

Summary The biological reaction to carmine and carminic acid at cellular level on in vitro cultures was tested and significant variables were controlled. Results suggested that proliferation and metabolism of these cultures were not affected by the 2 stains.     

In vitro study of Fe-cystine chelate implicated in fusariose wilt of cotton

Zusammenfassung Die Möglichkeit einer Chelatbildung zwischen Cystin, Fusarinsäure und Eisenin vitro wurde untersucht. Während Fusarinsäure und Eisen einen stabilen Komplex bilden, ergaben kolorimetrische, chromatographische und spektrophotometrische Untersuchungen wenig Anhaltspunkte für eine Chelierung von Cystin und Eisen.

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I am most grateful to ProfessorT. S. Sadasivan for guidance and encouragement and to Dr.S. Suryanarayanan for valuable suggestions. I thank the University Grants Commission for the award of a Fellowship.     

Nucleotide sequence evidence for rapid genotypic shifts in the bovine mitochondrial DNA D-loop

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is unusual in its rapid rate of evolution and high level of intraspecies sequence variation. The latter is thought to be related to the strict maternal inheritance of mtDNA, which effectively isolates within a species mitochondrial gene pools that accumulate mutations and vary independently. A fundamental and as yet unexplained aspect of this process is how, in the face of somatic and germ-line mtDNA ploidy of 10(3) to 10(5) (refs 4, 5), individual variant mtDNA molecules resulting from mutational events can come to dominate the large intracellular mtDNA population so rapidly. To help answer this question, we have determined here the nucleotide sequence of all or part of the D-loop region in 14 maternally related Holstein cows. Four different D-loop sequences can be distinguished in the mtDNA of these animals. One explanation is that multiple mitochondrial genotypes existed in the maternal germ line and that expansion or segregation of one of these genotypes during oogenesis or early development led to the rapid genotypic shifts observed.     

The effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor angiogenesis

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), the activation of a photosensitive drug in tumor tissue with light of specific wavelength, has been used effectively to treat certain solid tumors. Though therapeutic responses are encouraging, PDT-mediated oxidative stress can act as an angiogenic switch that ultimately leads to neovascularization and tumor recurrence. This article explores the effect of PDT on angiogenesis in different tumor models. Overexpression of proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteases has often been reported post-illumination. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that inhibiting angiogenesis after chemotherapy and radiotherapy is an attractive and valuable approach to cancer treatment. In this review, we report the effective therapeutic strategy of combining angiogenesis inhibitors with PDT to control and treat tumors.     

Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum diversity in natural infections by deep sequencing

Malaria elimination strategies require surveillance of the parasite population for genetic changes that demand a public health response, such as new forms of drug resistance. Here we describe methods for the large-scale analysis of genetic variation in Plasmodium falciparum by deep sequencing of parasite DNA obtained from the blood of patients with malaria, either directly or after short-term culture. Analysis of 86,158 exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms that passed genotyping quality control in 227 samples from Africa, Asia and Oceania provides genome-wide estimates of allele frequency distribution, population structure and linkage disequilibrium. By comparing the genetic diversity of individual infections with that of the local parasite population, we derive a metric of within-host diversity that is related to the level of inbreeding in the population. An open-access web application has been established for the exploration of regional differences in allele frequency and of highly differentiated loci in the P.?falciparum genome.     

Effects of carmine and carminic acid on embryonic tissue cell cultures

The biological reaction to carmine and carminic acid at cellular level on 'in vitro' cultures was tested and significant variables were controlled. Results suggested that proliferation and metabolism of these cultures were not affected by the 2 stains.