Insulin gene enhancer binding protein Isl-1 is a member of a novel class of proteins containing both a homeo- and a Cys-His domain.

The activity of the rat insulin I gene enhancer is mainly dependent on two cis-acting protein-binding domains. Here we report the isolation of a complementary DNA encoding a protein, Isl-1, that binds to one of these domains. Isl-1 contains a homeodomain with greatest similarity to those of the Caenorhabditis elegans proteins encoded by mec-3 and lin-11. In addition, Isl-1, like the lin-11 and mec-3 gene products, contains a novel Cys-His domain which is reminiscent of known metal-binding regions. Together these proteins define a novel class of proteins containing both a homeo- and a Cys His-domain. Isl-1 is preferentially expressed in cells of pancreatic endocrine origin. If the structural homologies between Isl-1 and the C. elegans gene products reflect functional similarities, a role for Isl-1 in the development of pancreatic endocrine cells could be envisaged.     

Cellular location of adrenergic amines in frog sympathetic ganglia

Zusammenfassung Die Lokalisation von Adrenalin in den sympathischen Ganglien (Frosch) wird mit Hilfe einer histo-fluorometrischen Methode untersucht. Es konnte Fluoreszenz in zahlreichen Zellen des Ganglions und in den aus den Zellen austretenden Axonen festgestellt werden. Fluoreszierende Nerven, die in Ganglien-Zellen eintreten, wurden nicht beobachtet, so dass die Fluoreszenz auf Adrenalin zurückzuführen sein dürfte.

---

---

The investigation has been supported by a grant from the Swedish Medical Research Council (No. B67-12-714-03) and Magn. Bargvalls Stiftelse, Stockholm, Sweden. The project was undertaken while one of the authors (R.M.) was visiting the Karolinska Institutet under a Special Fellowship N1-F3-GM-6506-01 from the National Institutes of Health (U.S.P.H.).     

Spleen antibacterial peptides: high levels of PR-39 and presence of two forms of NK-lysin

Antibacterial peptides were isolated from porcine spleen by acetic acid extraction, ion exchange chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. C-terminal ladder sequence analysis of a bioactive peptide with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry after digestion with carboxypeptidases P and Y showed that it is identical to the antibacterial proline/arginine-rich intestinal peptide PR-39. It is present at high levels in granulocytes of the spleen, and peptides with C-terminal proline amide and internal adjacent Pro residues can be analyzed with this method. In addition, two forms of NK-lysin (NKL) were found. One, NKLi, is identical to that isolated from pig intestine, and the other, NKLbw, to a mature peptide deduced from a clone from a porcine bone marrow cDNA library.     

A hydrogen-bonding network in mammalian sorbitol dehydrogenase stabilizes the tetrameric state and is essential for the catalytic power

Subunit interaction in sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) has been studied with in vitro and in silico methods identifying a vital hydrogen-bonding network, which is strictly conserved among mammalian SDH proteins. Mutation of one of the residues in the hydrogen-bonding network, Tyr110Phe, abolished the enzymatic activity and destabilized the protein into tetramers, dimers and monomers as judged from gel filtration experiments at different temperatures compared to only tetramers for the wild-type protein below 307 K. The determined equilibrium constants revealed a large difference in Gibbs energy (8 kJ/mol) for the tetramer stability between wild-type SDH and the mutated form Tyr110Phe SDH. The results focus on a network of coupled hydrogen bonds in wild-type SDH that uphold the protein interface, which is specific and favorable to electrostatic, van der Waals and hydrogen-bond interactions between subunits, interactions that are crucial for the catalytic power of SDH. Received 13 July 2007; received after revision 30 September 2007; accepted 1 October 2007     

A measurement of the cosmological mass density from clustering in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey

The large-scale structure in the distribution of galaxies is thought to arise from the gravitational instability of small fluctuations in the initial density field of the Universe. A key test of this hypothesis is that forming superclusters of galaxies should generate a systematic infall of other galaxies. This would be evident in the pattern of recessional velocities, causing an anisotropy in the inferred spatial clustering of galaxies. Here we report a precise measurement of this clustering, using the redshifts of more than 141,000 galaxies from the two-degree-field (2dF) galaxy redshift survey. We determine the parameter beta = Omega0.6/b = 0.43 +/- 0.07, where Omega is the total mass-density parameter of the Universe and b is a measure of the 'bias' of the luminous galaxies in the survey. (Bias is the difference between the clustering of visible galaxies and of the total mass, most of which is dark.) Combined with the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background, our results favour a low-density Universe with Omega approximately 0.3.     

Monoamines in sympathetic ganglia studied with fluorescence microscopy

Zusammenfassung Sympathische Ganglien wurden mit einer spezifischen und besonders empfindlichen histochemischen Methode zum Nachweis gewisser Monoamine studiert. Die meisten Zellkörper der Ganglienzellen enthalten im Cytoplasma mehr oder weniger einer primären Monoamine, wahrscheinlich Noradrenalin. In prävertebralen Ganglien wurden auch adrenerge Nevenendigungen nachgewiesen, die synaptische Verbindungen mit den Ganglienzellen eingehen.

---

---

This work has been supported by grants from the United States Public Health Service (NB 02854-03), the Foundation Therese and Johan Anderssons Minne, and Karolinska Institutet.     

Adrenergic innervation of the male reproductive ducts in some mammals. II. Effects of vasectomy and castration

Résumé Après vasectomie complète, pratiquée sur des rats, la fluorescence des terminaisons nervcuses, ainsi que la substance transmettrice, disparaît le long du canal déférent et de l'extrémité de l'épididyme en deçà de la lésion. Chez les chats, les terminaisons nerveuses dans les canalicules efférents et la tête de l'épididyme ne disparaissent pas après l'opération. Dans la direction de la glande et du ganglion prostatique, la matière fluorescente s'accumule dans les troncs nerveux, et les terminaisons nerveuses restent visibles. Après castration, quelques modifications compensatrices ont été observées.     

Delta-wing function of webbed feet gives hydrodynamic lift for swimming propulsion in birds

Most foot-propelled swimming birds sweep their webbed feet backwards in a curved path that lies in a plane aligned with the swimming direction. When the foot passes the most outward position, near the beginning of the power stroke, a tangent to the foot trajectory is parallel with the line of swimming and the foot web is perpendicular to it. But later in the stroke the foot takes an increasingly transverse direction, swinging towards the longitudinal axis of the body. Here we show that, early in the power stroke, propulsion is achieved mostly by hydrodynamic drag on the foot, whereas there is a gradual transition into lift-based propulsion later in the stroke. At the shift to lift mode, the attached vortices of the drag-based phase turn into a starting vortex, shed at the trailing edge, and into spiralling leading-edge vortices along the sides of the foot. Because of their delta shape, webbed feet can generate propulsive forces continuously through two successive modes, from drag at the beginning of the stroke, all the way through the transition to predominantly lift later in the stroke.