明末熊明遇《格致草》内容探析

熊明遇生当明清鼎革之际“东西文化交流”的重要时刻。他的主著《格致草》广被时人以至遗民征引和称颂。作为明末东林党的成员之一，熊氏对耶稣会士抱持开明的态度，并跟他们建立良好的友谊。正如书名所示，《格致草》的撰作，毫无疑问是继承了宋明理学“格物致知”的传统。《格致草》当中，具见熊明遇从耶稣会士的译作中节引西学所函盖的多个领域，如天文学及相关科学仪器、气象学、世界地理及绘图、灵魂学说和创世理论。然而，约从清初行禁书之令后，《格致草》一书便销声匿迹，而国人也不复知此书仍存于天壤之间，熊明遇研究西方科学的成果又多被其门人游艺征引；游氏著作《天经或问》传入日本后，当中提及第谷学说和熊明遇的观点，对江户时期的日本天文学产生过巨大的影响。     

Structure of a nanobody-stabilized active state of the β(2) adrenoceptor

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) exhibit a spectrum of functional behaviours in response to natural and synthetic ligands. Recent crystal structures provide insights into inactive states of several GPCRs. Efforts to obtain an agonist-bound active-state GPCR structure have proven difficult due to the inherent instability of this state in the absence of a G protein. We generated a camelid antibody fragment (nanobody) to the human β(2) adrenergic receptor (β(2)AR) that exhibits G protein-like behaviour, and obtained an agonist-bound, active-state crystal structure of the receptor-nanobody complex. Comparison with the inactive β(2)AR structure reveals subtle changes in the binding pocket; however, these small changes are associated with an 11?? outward movement of the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane segment 6, and rearrangements of transmembrane segments 5 and 7 that are remarkably similar to those observed in opsin, an active form of rhodopsin. This structure provides insights into the process of agonist binding and activation.     

Systematic pathway analysis using high-resolution fitness profiling of combinatorial gene deletions

Systematic genetic interaction studies have illuminated many cellular processes. Here we quantitatively examine genetic interactions among 26 Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes conferring resistance to the DNA-damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), as determined by chemogenomic fitness profiling of pooled deletion strains. We constructed 650 double-deletion strains, corresponding to all pairings of these 26 deletions. The fitness of single- and double-deletion strains were measured in the presence and absence of MMS. Genetic interactions were defined by combining principles from both statistical and classical genetics. The resulting network predicts that the Mph1 helicase has a role in resolving homologous recombination-derived DNA intermediates that is similar to (but distinct from) that of the Sgs1 helicase. Our results emphasize the utility of small molecules and multifactorial deletion mutants in uncovering functional relationships and pathway order.     

五峰垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染特征及处理系统

系统分析了五峰垃圾填埋场渗滤液中ＣＯＤ，ＢＯＤ＿５的季节变化特征，并对该填埋场的污水处理系统进行了研究和评价。     

Genotype, haplotype and copy-number variation in worldwide human populations

Genome-wide patterns of variation across individuals provide a powerful source of data for uncovering the history of migration, range expansion, and adaptation of the human species. However, high-resolution surveys of variation in genotype, haplotype and copy number have generally focused on a small number of population groups. Here we report the analysis of high-quality genotypes at 525,910 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 396 copy-number-variable loci in a worldwide sample of 29 populations. Analysis of SNP genotypes yields strongly supported fine-scale inferences about population structure. Increasing linkage disequilibrium is observed with increasing geographic distance from Africa, as expected under a serial founder effect for the out-of-Africa spread of human populations. New approaches for haplotype analysis produce inferences about population structure that complement results based on unphased SNPs. Despite a difference from SNPs in the frequency spectrum of the copy-number variants (CNVs) detected--including a comparatively large number of CNVs in previously unexamined populations from Oceania and the Americas--the global distribution of CNVs largely accords with population structure analyses for SNP data sets of similar size. Our results produce new inferences about inter-population variation, support the utility of CNVs in human population-genetic research, and serve as a genomic resource for human-genetic studies in diverse worldwide populations.     

Levels ofβ-trace protein and lysozyme in human amniotic fluids

Summary The levels of -trace protein and lysozyme were estimated in amniotic fluids from normal fetuses and from fetuses with neuraltube defects. The values of these proteins in normal amniotic fluids were found to be similar to those detected in fetuses with anencephaly and spina bifida. The levels of lysozyme were shown to be correlated with gestational age.     

Levels of beta-trace protein and lysozyme in human amniotic fluids.

The levels of beta-trace protein and lysozyme were estimated in amniotic fluids from normal fetuses and from fetuses with neuraltube defects. The values of these proteins in normal amniotic fluids were found to be similar to those detected in fetuses with anencephaly and spina bifida. The levels of lysozyme were shown to be correlated with gestational age.     

CpG island hypermethylation is maintained in human colorectal cancer cells after RNAi-mediated depletion of DNMT1

The role of the primary mammalian DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1, in maintaining CpG island methylation in human colon cancer cells has recently been questioned. This controversy has arisen from discrepancies between genetic knockout and RNA interference-mediated knockdown studies. Here, we re-examined the RNA interference-based approach and found that hypermethylation of single-copy genes is maintained in cells transiently and stably depleted of DNMT1.