Book Reviews: Behavior Change in the Human Services: An Introduction to Principles and Applications by Martin Sundel and Sandra S. Sundel. Exploring Personality: An Intellectual Odyssey by Russell L. Ackoff. The Ecologist: The Cosmic Covenant.

Systemic Practice and Action Research -     

The evolutionary context of the first hominins

The relationships among the living apes and modern humans have effectively been resolved, but it is much more difficult to locate fossil apes on the tree of life because shared skeletal morphology does not always mean shared recent evolutionary history. Sorting fossil taxa into those that belong on the branch of the tree of life that leads to modern humans from those that belong on other closely related branches is a considerable challenge.     

Frictional ageing from interfacial bonding and the origins of rate and state friction

Earthquakes have long been recognized as being the result of stick-slip frictional instabilities. Over the past few decades, laboratory studies of rock friction have elucidated many aspects of tectonic fault zone processes and earthquake phenomena. Typically, the static friction of rocks grows logarithmically with time when they are held in stationary contact, but the mechanism responsible for this strengthening is not understood. This time-dependent increase of frictional strength, or frictional ageing, is one manifestation of the 'evolution effect' in rate and state friction theory. A prevailing view is that the time dependence of rock friction results from increases in contact area caused by creep of contacting asperities. Here we present the results of atomic force microscopy experiments that instead show that frictional ageing arises from the formation of interfacial chemical bonds, and the large magnitude of ageing at the nanometre scale is quantitatively consistent with what is required to explain observations in macroscopic rock friction experiments. The relative magnitude of the evolution effect compared with that of the 'direct effect'--the dependence of friction on instantaneous changes in slip velocity--determine whether unstable slip, leading to earthquakes, is possible. Understanding the mechanism underlying the evolution effect would enable us to formulate physically based frictional constitutive laws, rather than the current empirically based 'laws', allowing more confident extrapolation to natural faults.     

The knockout mouse project

Mouse knockout technology provides a powerful means of elucidating gene function in vivo, and a publicly available genome-wide collection of mouse knockouts would be significantly enabling for biomedical discovery. To date, published knockouts exist for only about 10% of mouse genes. Furthermore, many of these are limited in utility because they have not been made or phenotyped in standardized ways, and many are not freely available to researchers. It is time to harness new technologies and efficiencies of production to mount a high-throughput international effort to produce and phenotype knockouts for all mouse genes, and place these resources into the public domain.     

PDE-Based Medial Axis Extraction and Shape Manipulation of Arbitrary Meshes

Shape skeletonization （i.e., medial axis extraction） is powerful in many visual computing applications, such as pattern recognition, object segmentation, registration, and animation. In this paper, the authors expand the use of diffusion equations combined with distance field information to approximate medial axes of arbitrary 3D differential properties. It offers an alternative solids represented by polygonal meshes based on their but natural way for medial axis extraction for commonly used 3D polygonal models. By solving the PDE along time axis, this system can not only quickly extract diffusion-based medial axes of input meshes, but also allow users to visualize the extraction process at each time step. In addition, the proposed model provides users a set of manipulation toolkits to sculpt extracted medial axes, then use diffusion-based techniques to recover corresponding deformed shapes according to the original input datasets. This skeleton-based shape manipulation offers a fast and easy way for animation and deformation of complicated mesh objects.     

Parasites and molecular biology

The Editors wish to thank Prof. Thomas Seebeck for coordinating this multi-author review     

New investigations on enzymatic glycolysis and phosphorylation

Résumé Le schéma des étapes du dédoublement des glucosides dans la glycolyse des tissus animaux est exposé ici conformément aux résultats obtenus de 1932 à 1939. Toutes les substances intermédiaires sont phosphorylées. La transphosphorylation s'accomplit selon le système adénylique (acides adénosinetri-, di- et monophosphoriques). La grande énergie libre de ce groupe phosphorique n'est pas perdue, mais transmise aux intermédiaires de la glycolyse et s'accumule dans la phosphocréatine. Un autre type de phosphorylation est représenté par la phosphorolyse réversible du glycogène, avec formation du glucose-1-phosphate. Ce type est en réalité une «transglucosidation» comme on peut le démontrer dans la formation semblable du disaccharide à partir du glucose-1-phosphate et de la lévulose. En l'absence de la lévulose, le glucose-1-phosphate réagit avec l'enzyme en proportion stoechiométrique, et conserve l'énergie du groupe phosphorique dans la combinaison du glucose avec l'enzyme.L'article traite des nombreuses réactions enzymatiques des enzymes purifiées et cristallisées et discute plus en détail la fonction des trois enzymes, soit: la transformation de l'acide 2-phosphoglycérique en phosphoénolpyruvique par l'énolase, la phosphorylation de la glucose par l'adénosinetriphosphate en présence de l'hexokinase, et le dédoublement de l'acide pyruvique par la carboxylase. Le rôle des vitamines comme groupes essentiels des coenzymes, et celui des hormones comme activateurs et inhibiteurs des enzymes sont mis en évidence dans les réactions métaboliques des glucosides.     

Unesco

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