宪法理论基础简论

宪法理论基础是宪法理论和实践的基本理念。近代人民在革命斗争中，认识到国家权力最容易侵犯人的权利，因此人们用宪法严格限制国家权力。但随着社会的发展，社会需要国家干预，人的积极性权利也需要国家创造条件，国家权力迅速膨胀。传统严格限权模式不再适用社会需要，现代社会既需要授予国家权力，又需要控制国家权力。     

Synthesis, properties, and optical applications of noble metal nanoparticle-biomolecule conjugates

Noble metal nanoparticles, such as gold or silver nanoparticles and nanorods, exhibit unique photonic, electronic and catalytic properties. Functionalization of noble metal nanoparticles with biomolecules (e.g., protein and DNA) produces systems that possess numerous applications in catalysis, delivery, therapy, imaging, sensing, constructing nanostructures and controlling the structure of biomolecules. In this paper, the recent development of noble metal nanoparticle-biomolecule conjugates is reviewed from the following three aspects: (1) synthesis of noble metal nanoparticle-biomolecule systems by electrostatic adsorption, direct chemisorption of thiol derivatives, covalent binding through bifunctional linkers and specific affinity interactions; (2) the photonic properties and bioactivation of noble metal nanoparticle-biomolecule conjugates; and (3) the optical applications of such systems in biosensors, and medical imaging, diagnosis, and therapy. The conjugation of Au and Ag nanoparticles with biomolecules and the most recent optical applications of the resulting systems have been focused on.     

原位观察电子束辐照下双壁碳纳米管的不稳定性

室温下利用高分辨透射电子显微镜原位观察了两端固定和一端固定、另一端自由的双壁碳纳米管在电子束辐照下的结构不稳定性.实验发现,在相同辐照条件下,两端固定的双壁碳纳米管首先径向持续均匀收缩,然后局部颈缩,最后在颈缩处断裂;一端固定、另一端自由的双壁碳纳米管轴向长度持续快速缩小,而径向收缩相对缓慢.我们利用最近提出的表面纳米曲率效应和能量束诱导非热激活效应基础上新发展的碳原子"融蒸"和"扩散"机制,对上述电子束辐照下双壁碳纳米管结构不稳定现象进行了全新、合理的解释.     

图案化金属铜膜的SIAD法自组装制备

利用新发展的小入射角沉积(SIAD)技术在玻璃衬底上自组装制备了图案化金属铜膜.利用金相显微镜(MM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)/选区电子衍射(SAED)/能量弥散X射线光谱仪(EDX)以及X射线衍射仪(XRD)等技术对所制备的图案化金属铜膜进行了表征.通过分析对比SIAD和垂直入射沉积(NID)铜沉积物的形貌和结构差异,揭示了图案化金属铜膜的形成机理.     

CVD制备SiOx纳米线的各个生长阶段的直接实验证据

在纳米线的制备中, 气-液-固(VLS)生长机制得到了人们的广泛认可, 但该机制的很多细节还停留在模型阶段. 依托实验室自行设计的一台生长条件高度可控的高温化学气相沉积(CVD)系统, 采用较为简便的方法, 直接在Si片衬底上制备出了SiO_x纳米线. 通过严格控制实验参数, 用离位观测捕捉到了纳米线的催化、形核和长大的一系列过程及其相关细节, 并发现纳米线从细到粗的气-液-固(VLS)生长机制. 讨论了气-液-固(VLS)机制中气态Si原子的来源以及纳米线的催化、形核和长大过程中的纳米曲率效应和“纳米熟化”现象, 取得了对SiO_x纳米线VLS催化生长机制的理解的突破.     

Characteristics of δ 18O in precipitation over Eastern Monsoon China and the water vapor sources

Monsoon circulation is an important carrier of water vapor transport, and it impacts the precipitation of the monsoonal regions through the constraints and controls of large-scale water vapor transport and distributions as well as the water vapor balance. An overall research on stable Hydrogen and Oxygen isotopes in precipitation over Eastern Monsoon China could benefit a compre-hensive understanding of the monsoonal precipitation mechanism. Seventeen field stations of the Chinese Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (CHNIP) have been selected to collect monthly composite precipitation samples during the years 2005―2006. Components of δD and δ¹⁸O have been analyzed to achieve the spatiotemporal distributions. The established Local Meteoric Water Line δD=7.46 δ¹⁸O+0.90 based on the 274 obtained monthly samples could be treated as isotope input functions across the region, due to basically reflecting the specific regional meteorological conditions over Eastern Monsoon China. The δ-value de-pleted from coastal to inner area. In Southern China and Northeastern China there were typical periodic patterns of δ¹⁸8O. Differ-ent dominant affecting metrological factors have been raised with different regions. From south to north, the temperature effect of δ¹⁸18O enhanced, while the amount effect changed from existing at an all-year-scale in Southern China to being only remarkable during the main rainy seasons in North China and Northeastern China. Main geographical controls varied from altitude in South-ern China and North China to latitude in Northeastern China. Furthermore, δ¹⁸O had an implication of advance and retreat of the monsoon as well as rainfall belt transfer δ¹⁸O was also a tracer for the movement path of typhoon and tropical storms.     

聚焦电子束诱导碳沉积实现纳米线表面可控修饰

作为一种典型的准一维纳米材料,纳米线具有纳米材料所特有的小尺寸效应或纳米曲率效应,经表面修饰的纳米线一般具有不同于普通纳米线的特殊性质.利用实验室发展成熟的透射电子显微镜原位辐照技术,以透射电子显微镜中残留的有机气体分子为前驱体,成功地在纳米线表面可控沉积了非晶碳纳米颗粒和碳纳米棒,以及局域凸起的非晶碳膜并形成局域肿大的同轴结构.实验结果表明,该方法能够方便地通过控制聚焦电子束的束斑尺寸、辐照方式、辐照时间以及辐照位置等参数,在纳米线表面精确可控地沉积各种非晶碳纳米结构,从而实现纳米线的表面可控修饰.对聚焦电子束辐照下基于纳米线的各种碳纳米结构的可能沉积机理作了进一步地探索,并针对透射电子显微镜中如何减少因电子束辐照诱导非晶碳沉积造成的样品污染提出了几点建议.     

Characteristics of δ~(18)O in precipitation over Eastern Monsoon China and the water vapor sources

Monsoon circulation is an important carrier of water vapor transport, and it impacts the precipitation of the monsoonal regions through the constraints and controls of large-scale water vapor transport and distributions as well as the water vapor balance. An overall research on stable Hydrogen and Oxygen isotopes in precipitation over Eastern Monsoon China could benefit a comprehensive understanding of the monsoonal precipitation mechanism. Seventeen field stations of the Chinese Network of Isotopes in Prec...