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Embrittlement by the segregation of impurity elements to grain boundaries is one of a small number of phenomena that can lead to metallurgical failure by fast fracture. Here we settle a question that has been debated for over a hundred years: how can minute traces of bismuth in copper cause this ductile metal to fail in a brittle manner? Three hypotheses for Bi embrittlement of Cu exist: two assign an electronic effect to either a strengthening or weakening of bonds, the third postulates a simple atomic size effect. Here we report first principles quantum mechanical calculations that allow us to reject the electronic hypotheses, while supporting a size effect. We show that upon segregation to the grain boundary, the large Bi atoms weaken the interatomic bonding by pushing apart the Cu atoms at the interface. The resolution of the mechanism underlying grain boundary weakening should be relevant for all cases of embrittlement by oversize impurities. 相似文献
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Speer RJ Garton WR Morgan JF Nicholls RW Goldberg L Parkinson WH Reeves EM Jones TJ Paxton HJ Shenton DB Wilson R 《Nature》1970,226(5242):249-250
Flash spectra of the total solar eclipse throughout all its phases have been obtained in the extreme ultraviolet for the first time. 相似文献
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Zusammenfassung Im Hinblick auf die Untersuchung der Wirkung von Chlorcholinchlorid im Stoffwechsel der Quartärammoniumverbindungen in Pflanzen wurden deren natürlich vorhandene Substanzen in wässrigen Extrakten von Tomatenpflanzen papierchromatographisch in vier Lösungsmitteln untersucht.In den Extrakten überwog eine Substanz, die sich von Cholin chromatographisch unterscheidet, die aber dieselbe Farbreaktion mit einem modifizierten Dragendorffschen Reagens gibt. Während der Papierelektrophorese bei pH 6 wird diese Substanz in zwei andere umgewandelt. Eine von diesen entspricht chromatographisch Cholin. Keine von den unbekannten Substanzen aber scheint ein phosphoryliertes Derivat von Cholin zu sein. 相似文献
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AS Tayi AK Shveyd AC Sue JM Szarko BS Rolczynski D Cao TJ Kennedy AA Sarjeant CL Stern WF Paxton W Wu SK Dey AC Fahrenbach JR Guest H Mohseni LX Chen KL Wang JF Stoddart SI Stupp 《Nature》2012,488(7412):485-489
Materials exhibiting a spontaneous electrical polarization that can be switched easily between antiparallel orientations are of potential value for sensors, photonics and energy-efficient memories. In this context, organic ferroelectrics are of particular interest because they promise to be lightweight, inexpensive and easily processed into devices. A recently identified family of organic ferroelectric structures is based on intermolecular charge transfer, where donor and acceptor molecules co-crystallize in an alternating fashion known as a mixed stack: in the crystalline lattice, a collective transfer of electrons from donor to acceptor molecules results in the formation of dipoles that can be realigned by an external field as molecules switch partners in the mixed stack. Although mixed stacks have been investigated extensively, only three systems are known to show ferroelectric switching, all below 71 kelvin. Here we describe supramolecular charge-transfer networks that undergo ferroelectric polarization switching with a ferroelectric Curie temperature above room temperature. These polar and switchable systems utilize a structural synergy between a hydrogen-bonded network and charge-transfer complexation of donor and acceptor molecules in a mixed stack. This supramolecular motif could help guide the development of other functional organic systems that can switch polarization under the influence of electric fields at ambient temperatures. 相似文献
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