有等温材料的压力容器内空气温度变化测量方法

针对填充了等温材料的压力容器在排气过程中产生的温度变化,提出了测量容器内空气温度变化的方法.建立了利用中间停止法测量容器内空气温度变化的数学模型,仿真和实验结果的比较验证了模型的正确性.针对传统的中间停止法提出了缩短测量时间的新方法.结果表明,同等测试精度下,新方法比传统方式在测试时间上缩短90%以上.     

FIBER ORIENTATION DISTRIBUTION OF PAPER SURFACE CALCULATED BY IMAGE ANALYSIS

Pulp fibers take a variety of spatial configuration in paper and its alignment is an important aspect of paper structure. Statistically, fiber alignment is defined as a fiber orientation distribution as a function of angle θwhenthemachinedirectionofaweb or sheet is set to θ=0.Fiberorientationoccurs due to a flow of pulp suspension including the turbulence level and orienting shear, so the flow condition may alter it through web or sheet thickness and across the wire plane. Fiber orientation …     

Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I is essential for photosynthesis

Photosynthesis provides at least two routes through which light energy can be used to generate a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, which is subsequently used to synthesize ATP. In the first route, electrons released from water in photosystem II (PSII) are eventually transferred to NADP+ by way of photosystem I (PSI). This linear electron flow is driven by two photochemical reactions that function in series. The cytochrome b6f complex mediates electron transport between the two photosystems and generates the proton gradient (DeltapH). In the second route, driven solely by PSI, electrons can be recycled from either reduced ferredoxin or NADPH to plastoquinone, and subsequently to the cytochrome b6f complex. Such cyclic flow generates DeltapH and thus ATP without the accumulation of reduced species. Whereas linear flow from water to NADP+ is commonly used to explain the function of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, the role of cyclic flow is less clear. In higher plants cyclic flow consists of two partially redundant pathways. Here we have constructed mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana in which both PSI cyclic pathways are impaired, and present evidence that cyclic flow is essential for efficient photosynthesis.     

考虑气动伺服阀流体力的压力控制系统设计

提出了考虑气动伺服阀流体力的精密压力控制系统设计的新方法.建立了喷嘴挡板式伺服阀内流体力的计算模型和差压控制系统的线性模型.基于该模型,利用数值计算法设计了压力控制系统的PID控制器和干扰观测器.考虑伺服阀后的流体力能够进行压力控制系统的最优设计,并提高了参考输入的追踪性和系统的抗干扰性方面的控制效果.仿真与实验结果验证了该模型的正确性.     

A nonsynonymous SNP in PRKCH (protein kinase C eta) increases the risk of cerebral infarction

Cerebral infarction is the most common type of stroke and often causes long-term disability. To investigate the genetic contribution to cerebral infarction, we conducted a case-control study using 52,608 gene-based tag SNPs selected from the JSNP database. Here we report that a nonsynonymous SNP in a member of protein kinase C (PKC) family, PRKCH, was significantly associated with lacunar infarction in two independent Japanese samples (P = 5.1 x 10(-7), crude odds ratio of 1.40). This SNP is likely to affect PKC activity. Furthermore, a 14-year follow-up cohort study in Hisayama (Fukuoka, Japan) supported involvement of this SNP in the development of cerebral infarction (P = 0.03, age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio of 2.83). We also found that PKCeta was expressed mainly in vascular endothelial cells and foamy macrophages in human atherosclerotic lesions, and its expression increased as the lesion type progressed. Our results support a role for PRKCH in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction.     

Direct observation of steps in rotation of the bacterial flagellar motor

The bacterial flagellar motor is a rotary molecular machine that rotates the helical filaments that propel many species of swimming bacteria. The rotor is a set of rings up to 45 nm in diameter in the cytoplasmic membrane; the stator contains about ten torque-generating units anchored to the cell wall at the perimeter of the rotor. The free-energy source for the motor is an inward-directed electrochemical gradient of ions across the cytoplasmic membrane, the protonmotive force or sodium-motive force for H+-driven and Na+-driven motors, respectively. Here we demonstrate a stepping motion of a Na+-driven chimaeric flagellar motor in Escherichia coli at low sodium-motive force and with controlled expression of a small number of torque-generating units. We observe 26 steps per revolution, which is consistent with the periodicity of the ring of FliG protein, the proposed site of torque generation on the rotor. Backwards steps despite the absence of the flagellar switching protein CheY indicate a small change in free energy per step, similar to that of a single ion transit.