Cool Indonesian throughflow as a consequence of restricted surface layer flow

Approximately 10 million m3 x s(-1) of water flow from the Pacific Ocean into the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian seas. Within the Makassar Strait, the primary pathway of the flow, the Indonesian throughflow is far cooler than estimated earlier, as pointed out recently on the basis of ocean current and temperature measurements. Here we analyse ocean current and stratification data along with satellite-derived wind measurements, and find that during the boreal winter monsoon, the wind drives buoyant, low-salinity Java Sea surface water into the southern Makassar Strait, creating a northward pressure gradient in the surface layer of the strait. This surface layer 'freshwater plug' inhibits the warm surface water from the Pacific Ocean from flowing southward into the Indian Ocean, leading to a cooler Indian Ocean sea surface, which in turn may weaken the Asian monsoon. The summer wind reversal eliminates the obstructing pressure gradient, by transferring more-saline Banda Sea surface water into the southern Makassar Strait. The coupling of the southeast Asian freshwater budget to the Pacific and Indian Ocean surface temperatures by the proposed mechanism may represent an important negative feedback within the climate system.     

Development of City Transport System and Two-wheel Vehicles

Based on the study on the city transport systems of some typical cities worldwide, this paper put forward that each city transport system has its own development mode, which is influenced by the city development plan, economic development level, traveling vehicle composition etc.. When some problems occur, such as the congestions caused by contradiction between the road capacity and vehicle composition, the city transport system may come into temporary maturity period. If the improvement for road system is limited meanwhile, optimized structure of vehicle composition should be an effective solution in this case. With the development of economy-internationalization, the development speed of city transport modernization is rapid. When traveling easiness is conflicting with efficiency, the advantages of public transport system become more obvious. Correspondingly, the superiority of two-wheel vehicles will reappear. Though the important function of two-wheel vehicles for alleviating city traffic problems i     

Interactions between cancer stem cells and their niche govern metastatic colonization

Metastatic growth in distant organs is the major cause of cancer mortality. The development of metastasis is a multistage process with several rate-limiting steps. Although dissemination of tumour cells seems to be an early and frequent event, the successful initiation of metastatic growth, a process termed 'metastatic colonization', is inefficient for many cancer types and is accomplished only by a minority of cancer cells that reach distant sites. Prevalent target sites are characteristic of many tumour entities, suggesting that inadequate support by distant tissues contributes to the inefficiency of the metastatic process. Here we show that a small population of cancer stem cells is critical for metastatic colonization, that is, the initial expansion of cancer cells at the secondary site, and that stromal niche signals are crucial to this expansion process. We find that periostin (POSTN), a component of the extracellular matrix, is expressed by fibroblasts in the normal tissue and in the stroma of the primary tumour. Infiltrating tumour cells need to induce stromal POSTN expression in the secondary target organ (in this case lung) to initiate colonization. POSTN is required to allow cancer stem cell maintenance, and blocking its function prevents metastasis. POSTN recruits Wnt ligands and thereby increases Wnt signalling in cancer stem cells. We suggest that the education of stromal cells by infiltrating tumour cells is an important step in metastatic colonization and that preventing de novo niche formation may be a novel strategy for the treatment of metastatic disease.     

Rapid Manufacturing of Non-Assembly Complex Micro-Devices by Microstereolithography

This paper introduces a non-assembly manufacturing case with microstereolithography technology. The design and manufacturing process of a pneumatic thrust bearing is described, and a special tessellation method is developed to further improve the capability of the manufacturing system thus bigger products can also be easily manufactured. Implemented in a layer-by-layer fashion, stereolithography has been used for the rapid manufacturing of complex devices, and it avoids the expensive assembly process in the traditional manufacturing. This paper presents that microstereolithography can produce high-resolution products with intricate details, small openings, and smooth surfaces. The potential of the microstereolithograhy technique is explored for the rapid manufacturing of small and complex objects.     

Immobilization of cross-linked In-doped Mo(O,S)2 on cellulose nanofiber for effective organic-compound degradation under visible light illumination

Relatively small amounts of In-doped Mo(O,S)₂(IMS) catalysts(10%, 20%, and 30%) were deposited on cellulose nanofiber(CNF) by cross-linking them with functional groups of siloxane and epoxy to form CNF-IMS hybrid composites. The as-prepared hybrid composites were characterized and tested their performances toward the photo degradations of cationic(MB and Rh B) and anionic(MO) dyes. As indium was doped into Mo(O,S)₂ lattice to form solid-solution, the charge transfer and pho...