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A new early cretaceous dinosaur track assemblage and the first definite non-avian theropod swim trackway from China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
XING LiDa LOCKLEY Martin G ZHANG JianPing MILNER Andrew R C KLEIN Hendrik LI DaQing PERSONS IV W Scott EBI JieFang 《科学通报(英文版)》2013,58(19):2370-2378
The trackway of a swimming theropod (ichnogenus Characichnos) is reported from the Lower Cretaceous Feitianshan Formation of Sichuan, China. These swim tracks help confirm that non-avian theropods were capable of forging moderately deep bodies of water. The trackway occurs on the same surface as a typical walking trackway of a sauropod (ichnogenus Brontopodus). Both occurrences are the first reported from the Cretaceous of Sichuan, and the swim tracks are the first well-preserved example of a Characichnos trackway from China. Additionally, a theropod walking trackway and several ornithopod walking trackways (similar to the ichnogenus Caririchnium) occur in the same horizon. The ornithopod trackways show a parallel orientation, suggesting gregarious behavior of the trackmakers, which may have been iguanodontiforms and/or hadrosauriforms. The co-occurrence of theropod swim tracks and theropod walking tracks suggests a fluctuation of water depth within a distinct time span. 相似文献
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Stiopkin IV Weeraman C Pieniazek PA Shalhout FY Skinner JL Benderskii AV 《Nature》2011,474(7350):192-195
The air-water interface is perhaps the most common liquid interface. It covers more than 70 per cent of the Earth's surface and strongly affects atmospheric, aerosol and environmental chemistry. The air-water interface has also attracted much interest as a model system that allows rigorous tests of theory, with one fundamental question being just how thin it is. Theoretical studies have suggested a surprisingly short 'healing length' of about 3??ngstr?ms (1?? = 0.1?nm), with the bulk-phase properties of water recovered within the top few monolayers. However, direct experimental evidence has been elusive owing to the difficulty of depth-profiling the liquid surface on the ?ngstr?m scale. Most physical, chemical and biological properties of water, such as viscosity, solvation, wetting and the hydrophobic effect, are determined by its hydrogen-bond network. This can be probed by observing the lineshape of the OH-stretch mode, the frequency shift of which is related to the hydrogen-bond strength. Here we report a combined experimental and theoretical study of the air-water interface using surface-selective heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy to focus on the 'free OD' transition found only in the topmost water layer. By using deuterated water and isotopic dilution to reveal the vibrational coupling mechanism, we find that the free OD stretch is affected only by intramolecular coupling to the stretching of the other OD group on the same molecule. The other OD stretch frequency indicates the strength of one of the first hydrogen bonds encountered at the surface; this is the donor hydrogen bond of the water molecule straddling the interface, which we find to be only slightly weaker than bulk-phase water hydrogen bonds. We infer from this observation a remarkably fast onset of bulk-phase behaviour on crossing from the air into the water phase. 相似文献
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李大庆 邢立达 Martin G. Lockley Laura Pi uela 张建平 代辉 Jeong Yul Kim W. Scott Persons IV 孔得来 《科学通报(英文版)》2015,(2):264-272,148
翼龙是已知的、最早飞上天际的脊椎动物,目前已经发现了成千上万件化石,代表着这一大家族从晚三叠世到晚白垩世在全球范围内的蓬勃发展史.自2004年甘肃盐锅峡地区首次报道翼龙足迹以来,中国陆续发现了一批翼龙足迹化石,绝大多数的足迹点都保存了翼龙的前后足迹.2013年,我们在盐锅峡地区发现了至少20个翼龙前足迹的凸型足迹,而没有发现任何后足迹,这些足迹可归于一个单独翼龙遗迹属——Pteraichnus.这是中国第一次发现由前足迹主导的翼龙足迹组合,这可能反映了翼龙前后足迹在同等保存条件下的不同深度.更重要的是,盐锅峡的这批翼龙足迹与当地发现的大量虫迹相关,一些足迹甚至就保存在虫迹面上,这些虫迹包括Cochlichnus,Spongeliomorpha和Paleophycus,因此推断这批翼龙造迹者很可能以这些无脊椎动物造迹者为食. 相似文献
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