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Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests 总被引:106,自引:0,他引:106
Valentini R Matteucci G Dolman AJ Schulze ED Rebmann C Moors EJ Granier A Gross P Jensen NO Pilegaard K Lindroth A Grelle A Bernhofer C Grünwald T Aubinet M Ceulemans R Kowalski AS Vesala T Rannik U Berbigier P Loustau D Gudmundsson J Thorgeirsson H Ibrom A Morgenstern K Clement R 《Nature》2000,404(6780):861-865
Carbon exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is one of the key processes that need to be assessed in the context of the Kyoto Protocol. Several studies suggest that the terrestrial biosphere is gaining carbon, but these estimates are obtained primarily by indirect methods, and the factors that control terrestrial carbon exchange, its magnitude and primary locations, are under debate. Here we present data of net ecosystem carbon exchange, collected between 1996 and 1998 from 15 European forests, which confirm that many European forest ecosystems act as carbon sinks. The annual carbon balances range from an uptake of 6.6 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year to a release of nearly 1 t C ha(-1) yr(-1), with a large variability between forests. The data show a significant increase of carbon uptake with decreasing latitude, whereas the gross primary production seems to be largely independent of latitude. Our observations indicate that, in general, ecosystem respiration determines net ecosystem carbon exchange. Also, for an accurate assessment of the carbon balance in a particular forest ecosystem, remote sensing of the normalized difference vegetation index or estimates based on forest inventories may not be sufficient. 相似文献
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Summary Studies which indicate the fusion of rat liver microsomal vesicles show that the rate of fusion of microsomal vesicles, as revealed by electron microscopic examinations, is dependent on the fusion temperature and the amount of detergent present in the microsomal suspension.Acknowledgments. We thank Miss R. Kannler for excellent technical assistance. The electron microscopy was performed in Anatomisches Institut and the Strahlenzentrum of the University of Giessen. This investigation was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Schu 54/5) and by the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk (AZ 11 2454). 相似文献
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Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
Ciais P Reichstein M Viovy N Granier A Ogée J Allard V Aubinet M Buchmann N Bernhofer C Carrara A Chevallier F De Noblet N Friend AD Friedlingstein P Grünwald T Heinesch B Keronen P Knohl A Krinner G Loustau D Manca G Matteucci G Miglietta F Ourcival JM Papale D Pilegaard K Rambal S Seufert G Soussana JF Sanz MJ Schulze ED Vesala T Valentini R 《Nature》2005,437(7058):529-533
Future climate warming is expected to enhance plant growth in temperate ecosystems and to increase carbon sequestration. But although severe regional heatwaves may become more frequent in a changing climate, their impact on terrestrial carbon cycling is unclear. Here we report measurements of ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes, remotely sensed radiation absorbed by plants, and country-level crop yields taken during the European heatwave in 2003. We use a terrestrial biosphere simulation model to assess continental-scale changes in primary productivity during 2003, and their consequences for the net carbon balance. We estimate a 30 per cent reduction in gross primary productivity over Europe, which resulted in a strong anomalous net source of carbon dioxide (0.5 Pg C yr(-1)) to the atmosphere and reversed the effect of four years of net ecosystem carbon sequestration. Our results suggest that productivity reduction in eastern and western Europe can be explained by rainfall deficit and extreme summer heat, respectively. We also find that ecosystem respiration decreased together with gross primary productivity, rather than accelerating with the temperature rise. Model results, corroborated by historical records of crop yields, suggest that such a reduction in Europe's primary productivity is unprecedented during the last century. An increase in future drought events could turn temperate ecosystems into carbon sources, contributing to positive carbon-climate feedbacks already anticipated in the tropics and at high latitudes. 相似文献
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W. Schulze 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1964,20(5):265-266
Summary The electron microscope structure of sectioned heart walls ofCiona intestinalis L. is described. The heart wall consists of one-layered epithelial muscle cells with cross-striated myofibrills, elongated long-shaped mitochondria and various cytoplasmic components. 相似文献
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Genetic variation in the gene encoding calpain-10 is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus 总被引:62,自引:0,他引:62
Horikawa Y Oda N Cox NJ Li X Orho-Melander M Hara M Hinokio Y Lindner TH Mashima H Schwarz PE del Bosque-Plata L Horikawa Y Oda Y Yoshiuchi I Colilla S Polonsky KS Wei S Concannon P Iwasaki N Schulze J Baier LJ Bogardus C Groop L Boerwinkle E Hanis CL Bell GI 《Nature genetics》2000,26(2):163-175
Type 2 or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is the most common form of diabetes worldwide, affecting approximately 4% of the world's adult population. It is multifactorial in origin with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to its development. A genome-wide screen for type 2 diabetes genes carried out in Mexican Americans localized a susceptibility gene, designated NIDDM1, to chromosome 2. Here we describe the positional cloning of a gene located in the NIDDM1 region that shows association with type 2 diabetes in Mexican Americans and a Northern European population from the Botnia region of Finland. This putative diabetes-susceptibility gene encodes a ubiquitously expressed member of the calpain-like cysteine protease family, calpain-10 (CAPN10). This finding suggests a novel pathway that may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. 相似文献
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Laser acceleration of quasi-monoenergetic MeV ion beams 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hegelich BM Albright BJ Cobble J Flippo K Letzring S Paffett M Ruhl H Schreiber J Schulze RK Fernández JC 《Nature》2006,439(7075):441-444
Acceleration of particles by intense laser-plasma interactions represents a rapidly evolving field of interest, as highlighted by the recent demonstration of laser-driven relativistic beams of monoenergetic electrons. Ultrahigh-intensity lasers can produce accelerating fields of 10 TV m(-1) (1 TV = 10(12) V), surpassing those in conventional accelerators by six orders of magnitude. Laser-driven ions with energies of several MeV per nucleon have also been produced. Such ion beams exhibit unprecedented characteristics--short pulse lengths, high currents and low transverse emittance--but their exponential energy spectra have almost 100% energy spread. This large energy spread, which is a consequence of the experimental conditions used to date, remains the biggest impediment to the wider use of this technology. Here we report the production of quasi-monoenergetic laser-driven C5+ ions with a vastly reduced energy spread of 17%. The ions have a mean energy of 3 MeV per nucleon (full-width at half-maximum approximately 0.5 MeV per nucleon) and a longitudinal emittance of less than 2 x 10(-6) eV s for pulse durations shorter than 1 ps. Such laser-driven, high-current, quasi-monoenergetic ion sources may enable significant advances in the development of compact MeV ion accelerators, new diagnostics, medical physics, inertial confinement fusion and fast ignition. 相似文献
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Environmental science: carbon unlocked from soils 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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Résumé Nous avons pu montrer, en bloquant le système nerveux périphérique par une méthode opératoire ou au moyen de substances pharmacologiques (spécialement du curare), que la réaction de position typique des poissons aux champs électriques est déclenchée par une excitation directe des muscles correspondants. La réaction la plus forte s'observe lorsque l'axe sagittal des animaux est perpendiculaire à la direction du champ. Chez des animaux narcotisés ou privés du système vestibulaire, de même que chez les Soles et quelques autres poissons, les lignes de force du champ devraient donc être verticales pour déclencher une réaction galvanotactique semblable. Nous savons en effet par l'anatomie et par la physiologie des mouvements qu'aucune réaction galvanotactique nepeut résulter de contractions du ventre et du dos. Le «Tetrodon», dont la nage n'est pas commandée par les groupes musculaires du tronc, ne manifeste aucune réaction galvanotactique. 相似文献