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Watson DM Bohac CJ Hull C Forrest WJ Furlan E Najita J Calvet N d'Alessio P Hartmann L Sargent B Green JD Kim KH Houck JR 《Nature》2007,448(7157):1026-1028
Class 0 protostars, the youngest type of young stellar objects, show many signs of rapid development from their initial, spheroidal configurations, and therefore are studied intensively for details of the formation of protoplanetary disks within protostellar envelopes. At millimetre wavelengths, kinematic signatures of collapse have been observed in several such protostars, through observations of molecular lines that probe their outer envelopes. It has been suggested that one or more components of the proto-multiple system NGC 1333-IRAS 4 (refs 1, 2) may display signs of an embedded region that is warmer and denser than the bulk of the envelope. Here we report observations that reveal details of the core on Solar System dimensions. We detect in NGC 1333-IRAS 4B a rich emission spectrum of H2O, at wavelengths 20-37 microm, which indicates an origin in extremely dense, warm gas. We can model the emission as infall from a protostellar envelope onto the surface of a deeply embedded, dense disk, and therefore see the development of a protoplanetary disk. This is the only example of mid-infrared water emission from a sample of 30 class 0 objects, perhaps arising from a favourable orientation; alternatively, this may be an early and short-lived stage in the evolution of a protoplanetary disk. 相似文献
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Ultrasensitive solution-cast quantum dot photodetectors 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Konstantatos G Howard I Fischer A Hoogland S Clifford J Klem E Levina L Sargent EH 《Nature》2006,442(7099):180-183
Solution-processed electronic and optoelectronic devices offer low cost, large device area, physical flexibility and convenient materials integration compared to conventional epitaxially grown, lattice-matched, crystalline semiconductor devices. Although the electronic or optoelectronic performance of these solution-processed devices is typically inferior to that of those fabricated by conventional routes, this can be tolerated for some applications in view of the other benefits. Here we report the fabrication of solution-processed infrared photodetectors that are superior in their normalized detectivity (D*, the figure of merit for detector sensitivity) to the best epitaxially grown devices operating at room temperature. We produced the devices in a single solution-processing step, overcoating a prefabricated planar electrode array with an unpatterned layer of PbS colloidal quantum dot nanocrystals. The devices showed large photoconductive gains with responsivities greater than 10(3) A W(-1). The best devices exhibited a normalized detectivity D* of 1.8 x 10(13) jones (1 jones = 1 cm Hz(1/2) W(-1)) at 1.3 microm at room temperature: today's highest performance infrared photodetectors are photovoltaic devices made from epitaxially grown InGaAs that exhibit peak D* in the 10(12) jones range at room temperature, whereas the previous record for D* from a photoconductive detector lies at 10(11) jones. The tailored selection of absorption onset energy through the quantum size effect, combined with deliberate engineering of the sequence of nanoparticle fusing and surface trap functionalization, underlie the superior performance achieved in this readily fabricated family of devices. 相似文献
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该报告运用文献计量学方法,对英国及其主要合作伙伴国的国际合作格局做了全面的分析。所选
择的主要国家包括美国、加拿大、法国、德国、日本、澳大利亚、中国与印度;数据覆盖领域有临床、医药
卫生、生物科学、环境科学、数学、物质科学以及工程技术领域;数据时间分为1996-2000年与2001-2005
年两个时间段。结果显示:国际论文数量增长显著;英国国际合作论文份额的增长比G7 国家更加快速; 德
国和美国是英国最大的国际合作伙伴;英国国际合作论文的平均影响力显著高于其科研论文的总体影响力;
中国与英国合作发表的论文数量超过了与其他欧洲各国的合作论文数。 相似文献
择的主要国家包括美国、加拿大、法国、德国、日本、澳大利亚、中国与印度;数据覆盖领域有临床、医药
卫生、生物科学、环境科学、数学、物质科学以及工程技术领域;数据时间分为1996-2000年与2001-2005
年两个时间段。结果显示:国际论文数量增长显著;英国国际合作论文份额的增长比G7 国家更加快速; 德
国和美国是英国最大的国际合作伙伴;英国国际合作论文的平均影响力显著高于其科研论文的总体影响力;
中国与英国合作发表的论文数量超过了与其他欧洲各国的合作论文数。 相似文献
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Thi WF Blake GA van Dishoeck EF van Zadelhoff GJ Horn JM Becklin EE Mannings V Sargent AI van Den Ancker ME Natta A 《Nature》2001,409(6816):60-63
Circumstellar accretion disks transfer matter from molecular clouds to young stars and to the sites of planet formation. The disks observed around pre-main-sequence stars have properties consistent with those expected for the pre-solar nebula from which our own Solar System formed 4.5 Gyr ago. But the 'debris' disks that encircle more than 15% of nearby main-sequence stars appear to have very small amounts of gas, based on observations of the tracer molecule carbon monoxide: these observations have yielded gas/dust ratios much less than 0.1, whereas the interstellar value is about 100 (ref. 9). Here we report observations of the lowest rotational transitions of molecular hydrogen (H2) that reveal large quantities of gas in the debris disks around the stars beta Pictoris, 49 Ceti and HD135344. The gas masses calculated from the data are several hundreds to a thousand times greater than those estimated from the CO observations, and yield gas/dust ratios of the same order as the interstellar value. 相似文献
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