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Gehrels N Norris JP Barthelmy SD Granot J Kaneko Y Kouveliotou C Markwardt CB Mészáros P Nakar E Nousek JA O'Brien PT Page M Palmer DM Parsons AM Roming PW Sakamoto T Sarazin CL Schady P Stamatikos M Woosley SE 《Nature》2006,444(7122):1044-1046
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are known to come in two duration classes, separated at approximately 2 s. Long-duration bursts originate from star-forming regions in galaxies, have accompanying supernovae when these are near enough to observe and are probably caused by massive-star collapsars. Recent observations show that short-duration bursts originate in regions within their host galaxies that have lower star-formation rates, consistent with binary neutron star or neutron star-black hole mergers. Moreover, although their hosts are predominantly nearby galaxies, no supernovae have been so far associated with short-duration GRBs. Here we report that the bright, nearby GRB 060614 does not fit into either class. Its approximately 102-s duration groups it with long-duration GRBs, while its temporal lag and peak luminosity fall entirely within the short-duration GRB subclass. Moreover, very deep optical observations exclude an accompanying supernova, similar to short-duration GRBs. This combination of a long-duration event without an accompanying supernova poses a challenge to both the collapsar and the merging-neutron-star interpretations and opens the door to a new GRB classification scheme that straddles both long- and short-duration bursts. 相似文献
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Cusumano G Mangano V Chincarini G Panaitescu A Burrows DN La Parola V Sakamoto T Campana S Mineo T Tagliaferri G Angelini L Barthelemy SD Beardmore AP Boyd PT Cominsky LR Gronwall C Fenimore EE Gehrels N Giommi P Goad M Hurley K Kennea JA Mason KO Marshall F Mészáros P Nousek JA Osborne JP Palmer DM Roming PW Wells A White NE Zhang B 《Nature》2006,440(7081):164
Long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are bright flashes of high-energy photons that can last for tens of minutes; they are generally associated with galaxies that have a high rate of star formation and probably arise from the collapsing cores of massive stars, which produce highly relativistic jets (collapsar model). Here we describe gamma- and X-ray observations of the most distant GRB ever observed (GRB 050904): its redshift (z) of 6.29 means that this explosion happened 12.8 billion years ago, corresponding to a time when the Universe was just 890 million years old, close to the reionization era. This means that not only did stars form in this short period of time after the Big Bang, but also that enough time had elapsed for them to evolve and collapse into black holes. 相似文献
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Campana S Mangano V Blustin AJ Brown P Burrows DN Chincarini G Cummings JR Cusumano G Della Valle M Malesani D Mészáros P Nousek JA Page M Sakamoto T Waxman E Zhang B Dai ZG Gehrels N Immler S Marshall FE Mason KO Moretti A O'Brien PT Osborne JP Page KL Romano P Roming PW Tagliaferri G Cominsky LR Giommi P Godet O Kennea JA Krimm H Angelini L Barthelmy SD Boyd PT Palmer DM Wells AA White NE 《Nature》2006,442(7106):1008-1010
Although the link between long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and supernovae has been established, hitherto there have been no observations of the beginning of a supernova explosion and its intimate link to a GRB. In particular, we do not know how the jet that defines a gamma-ray burst emerges from the star's surface, nor how a GRB progenitor explodes. Here we report observations of the relatively nearby GRB 060218 (ref. 5) and its connection to supernova SN 2006aj (ref. 6). In addition to the classical non-thermal emission, GRB 060218 shows a thermal component in its X-ray spectrum, which cools and shifts into the optical/ultraviolet band as time passes. We interpret these features as arising from the break-out of a shock wave driven by a mildly relativistic shell into the dense wind surrounding the progenitor. We have caught a supernova in the act of exploding, directly observing the shock break-out, which indicates that the GRB progenitor was a Wolf-Rayet star. 相似文献
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