Assembling and alerting scents produced by the bedbugCimex lectularius L.

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass die Aggregation der Bettwanzen (Cimex lectularius) durch einen von beiden Geschlechtern abgegebenen Versammlungsduft eingeleitet wird. Letzterer ist in Methylalkohol, aber nicht in Diäthyläther löslich, verdampft bei 32°C und lockt unbegattete sowie begattete Wanzen beider Geschlechter an. Die Lockreaktion ist von der Duftmenge abhängig und bleibt bei antennenlosen Wanzen aus. Die Stinkdrüsen gereizter, respektive verletzter Bettwanzen sondern Hex-2-en-1-al und Oct-2-en-1-al als Alarmduft ab, der die Zerstreuung der Wanzengruppen hervorruft.     

Determination of surface topography of biological specimens at high resolution by scanning tunnelling microscopy

Although techniques are available for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of biological specimens, for example scanning electron microscopy, they all have some serious drawback, such as low resolution, the requirement for crystals or for the sample to be analysed in a high vacuum. In an attempt to develop a technique for high-resolution three-dimensional structure analysis of non-crystalline biological material, we have tested the applicability of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), a method that has been used successfully in the analysis of metal and semiconductor surface structures. We report here that scanning tunnelling electron microscopy can be used to determine the surface topography of biological specimens at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, giving a vertical resolution of the order of 1 A. Our results show that quantum mechanical tunnelling of electrons through biological material is possible provided that the specimen is deposited on a conducting surface.     

Identifying US business cycle regimes using dynamic factors and neural network models

We use dynamic factors and neural network models to identify current and past states (instead of future) of the US business cycle. In the first step, we reduce noise in data by using a moving average filter. Dynamic factors are then extracted from a large-scale data set consisted of more than 100 variables. In the last step, these dynamic factors are fed into the neural network model for predicting business cycle regimes. We show that our proposed method follows US business cycle regimes quite accurately in-sample and out-of-sample without taking account of the historical data availability. Our results also indicate that noise reduction is an important step for business cycle prediction. Furthermore, using pseudo real time and vintage data, we show that our neural network model identifies turning points quite accurately and very quickly in real time.     

Are Langerhans's islets influenced by the pineal body?

Résumé Après l'extirpation du corps pinéal, le niveau de sucre du sang a diminué au bout de 4 mois d'une manière significative. Après un seul traitement à l'alloxane le niveau du sucre du sang des animaux opérés augmente considérablement et la diminution consecutive est beaucoup plus lente que chez les animaux de contrôle.     

Cajal cells of the rabbit cerebral cortex

Resumen Las células deCajal en los animales estudiados, no poseen axon. Morfológicamente son similares a las grandes amacrinas de la plexiforme interna de la retina.

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Supported by a grant from The Seguridad Social, Instituto Nacional de Previsión.     

Behaviour of the Khapra beetleTrogoderma granarium towards the assembling scent released by the female

Zusammenfassung Es wird nachgewiesen, dass der Duft virginer Käfer der GattungTrogoderma granarium als hetero- und homosexuelles Attraktans, als Arrestans sowie bei den Männchen als Aphrodisiacum wirkt. Die Weibchen werden weniger stark angelockt und überdies wirken taktile Stimuli synergistisch zum olfaktorischen Stimulus. Lockstoffe verschiedenerTrogoderma-Arten werden nur von weiblichen und nicht von männlichen Käfern abgegeben und sind höchstwahrscheinlich gattungsspezifisch.     

Landscape of transcription in human cells

Eukaryotic cells make many types of primary and processed RNAs that are found either in specific subcellular compartments or throughout the cells. A complete catalogue of these RNAs is not yet available and their characteristic subcellular localizations are also poorly understood. Because RNA represents the direct output of the genetic information encoded by genomes and a significant proportion of a cell's regulatory capabilities are focused on its synthesis, processing, transport, modification and translation, the generation of such a catalogue is crucial for understanding genome function. Here we report evidence that three-quarters of the human genome is capable of being transcribed, as well as observations about the range and levels of expression, localization, processing fates, regulatory regions and modifications of almost all currently annotated and thousands of previously unannotated RNAs. These observations, taken together, prompt a redefinition of the concept of a gene.