《遗传学》实验教学与创新能力提高的探索与实践

遗传学是生命科学域的重要基础学科。为适应生命科学的发展,实施创新教育,培养创新人才与卓越人才,《遗传学》实验的教学内容和教学模式必须与时俱进进行改革。随着农业院校培养方案的改革,结合西北农林科技大学创新人才培养的目标和要求,文中在教学内容、教学方法、教学手段、教学过程等方面开展了一系列教学改革的研究与实践,对进一步深化遗传学实验教学改革具有重要意义。     

A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini)

Gromphas jardim Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello sp. nov. is described from Bolivia and Central Brazil and is endemic to the biogeographic province of Rondônia. It resembles Gromphas amazonica and Gromphas inermis, but is distinguished primarily by the pattern of pronotal granulation and the form of the apical tubercle of male protibiae, which is modified in a tapered spur. Based on 31 morphological characters, a phylogenetic analysis returned a single most parsimonious tree where Gromphas is monophyletic and has the following internal topology: ((G. aeruginosa + G. lemoinei) (G. dichroa (G. inermis (G. amazonica + G. jardim)))).     

Low-energy acoustic plasmons at metal surfaces

Nearly two-dimensional (2D) metallic systems formed in charge inversion layers and artificial layered materials permit the existence of low-energy collective excitations, called 2D plasmons, which are not found in a three-dimensional (3D) metal. These excitations have caused considerable interest because their low energy allows them to participate in many dynamical processes involving electrons and phonons, and because they might mediate the formation of Cooper pairs in high-transition-temperature superconductors. Metals often support electronic states that are confined to the surface, forming a nearly 2D electron-density layer. However, it was argued that these systems could not support low-energy collective excitations because they would be screened out by the underlying bulk electrons. Rather, metallic surfaces should support only conventional surface plasmons-higher-energy modes that depend only on the electron density. Surface plasmons have important applications in microscopy and sub-wavelength optics, but have no relevance to the low-energy dynamics. Here we show that, in contrast to expectations, a low-energy collective excitation mode can be found on bare metal surfaces. The mode has an acoustic (linear) dispersion, different to the dependence of a 2D plasmon, and was observed on Be(0001) using angle-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy. First-principles calculations show that it is caused by the coexistence of a partially occupied quasi-2D surface-state band with the underlying 3D bulk electron continuum and also that the non-local character of the dielectric function prevents it from being screened out by the 3D states. The acoustic plasmon reported here has a very general character and should be present on many metal surfaces. Furthermore, its acoustic dispersion allows the confinement of light on small surface areas and in a broad frequency range, which is relevant for nano-optics and photonics applications.     

Enzymatic capture of an extrahelical thymine in the search for uracil in DNA

The enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) excises unwanted uracil bases in the genome using an extrahelical base recognition mechanism. Efficient removal of uracil is essential for prevention of C-to-T transition mutations arising from cytosine deamination, cytotoxic U*A pairs arising from incorporation of dUTP in DNA, and for increasing immunoglobulin gene diversity during the acquired immune response. A central event in all of these UNG-mediated processes is the singling out of rare U*A or U*G base pairs in a background of approximately 10(9) T*A or C*G base pairs in the human genome. Here we establish for the human and Escherichia coli enzymes that discrimination of thymine and uracil is initiated by thermally induced opening of T*A and U*A base pairs and not by active participation of the enzyme. Thus, base-pair dynamics has a critical role in the genome-wide search for uracil, and may be involved in initial damage recognition by other DNA repair glycosylases.     

Proliferation status defines functional properties of endothelial cells

Homeostasis of solid tissue is characterized by a low proliferative activity of differentiated cells while special conditions like tissue damage induce regeneration and proliferation. For some cell types it has been shown that various tissue-specific functions are missing in the proliferating state, raising the possibility that their proliferation is not compatible with a fully differentiated state. While endothelial cells are important players in regenerating tissue as well as in the vascularization of tumors, the impact of proliferation on their features remains elusive. To examine cell features in dependence of proliferation, we established human endothelial cell lines in which proliferation is tightly controlled by a doxycycline-dependent, synthetic regulatory unit. We observed that uptake of macromolecules and establishment of cell–cell contacts was more pronounced in the growth-arrested state. Tube-like structures were formed in vitro in both proliferating and non-proliferating conditions. However, functional vessel formation upon transplantation into immune-compromised mice was restricted to the proliferative state. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) infection resulted in reduced expression of endothelial markers. Upon transplantation of infected cells, drastic differences were observed: proliferation arrested cells acquired a high migratory activity while the proliferating counterparts established a tumor-like phenotype, similar to Kaposi Sarcoma lesions. The study gives evidence that proliferation governs endothelial functions. This suggests that several endothelial functions are differentially expressed during angiogenesis. Moreover, since proliferation defines the functional properties of cells upon infection with KSHV, this process crucially affects the fate of virus-infected cells.     

P_MOEA：一种多目标决策辅助遗传算法用于服务组合QoS优化

在服务组合场景下,SLA约束下的服务组合优选是实现服务质量管理的重要基础之一．服务组合优选既是一个组合优化问题同时也是多目标决策问题,需要高效的算法以支持大规模的候选组合方案集合,同时也需要有效的评价模型来明确定义候选方案的优劣程度,从而为决策者提供支持．现有的服务组合优选方法多基于两种模型定义其优化目标：线性效用函数和Pareto最优．前者需要量化权重配置以定义效用函数,但是对于用户来说精确的量化权重配置是一个非常困难的任务,特别是在涉及到的QoS维度较多时;后者无需权重配置,将Pareto最优的skyline集合作为优化结果返回给用户,然而skyline集合的规模是不可控的,最优结果集的规模会随着问题的规模增大而显著增大,过大的最优结果集显然难以为决策者提供有效参考,针对上述传统方法的不足,在本文中,我们将PROMETHEE方法弓I入服务组合优选问题,结合Pareto和PROMETHEE两种评价模型,将skyline集合基础上的Top—kPROMETHEE最优方案作为优化目标,提出并实现了一个高效的遗传算法：P—MOEA．算法可以针对大规模问题,高效地返回Top—kPROMETHEE最优组合方案集合,从而为进一步的决策提供有效的参考．我们实验验证了算法的效率和有效性．     

面向互联网的信息处理

随着互联网海量信息的快速增长,由原来单一的以文本信息为主的信息处理发展成文本、语音、图像等多模态的信息处理．同时,用户的需求也从关键词搜索为主的信息获取向着基于语义理解的自动问答、辅助决策等智能交互的方向发展．本文从互联网服务信息处理特点以及用户需求变化出发,阐述了互联网信息处理面临的挑战和发展趋势．首先介绍了基于互联网的海量信息处理特点以及基本方法,然后分别阐述了互联网文本信息处理、语音信息处理、图像信息处理、位置信息处理的挑战以及发展趋势．最后介绍了如何对互联网的用户从属性、状态、兴趣3个维度进行建模,以满足用户个性化服务和商业分析的需要．     

多基站协作通信系统的频偏补偿策略

在多基站协作通信系统中,为了获得空间分集或复用增益,协作基站同时同频向多个终端发送数据,而终端同时同频收到多个具有不同频偏的信号．基站或终端不能通过预补偿或后补偿方法独立解决多基站多用户频偏补偿问题．针对这一难题,本文提出基于最大可容忍剩余频偏的收发联合补偿策略．仿真结果表明：该策略虽然不能完全消除多基站多用户频偏,但可将其控制在可容忍范围内．     

视觉感知结合学习的自然图像轮廓检测

本文结合非经典感受野的视觉特性与机器学习的方法,提出了一种自然图像轮廓检测模型.当非经典感受野中的刺激与感受野中心刺激形成一种精确的空间结构时,将对中心产生一种增强效应;另一方面非经典感受野中抑制作用会降低同质成分的响应,我们将这两个机制分别用于增强光滑的轮廓和减少背景中与结构无关的干扰成分.利用逻辑回归概率模型将感受野中的信息与来自非经典感受野中的信息进行有效融合,并根据图像的手工标注数据库,通过学习方法获得一组最优的模型参数.自然图像的实验结果表明该轮廓检测方法能极大地抑制来自纹理的局部边缘,减少虚假轮廓,同时能增强具有一致空间结构的成分,避免轮廓缺失.最后利用Berkeley图像数据库定量地评价了我们方法的性能,并与相关方法进行了比较.该模型不仅为复杂场景中的轮廓检测提供了一个可行的策略,并有助于对生理视觉机制的理解.