Ultralow-power organic complementary circuits

The prospect of using low-temperature processable organic semiconductors to implement transistors, circuits, displays and sensors on arbitrary substrates, such as glass or plastics, offers enormous potential for a wide range of electronic products. Of particular interest are portable devices that can be powered by small batteries or by near-field radio-frequency coupling. The main problem with existing approaches is the large power consumption of conventional organic circuits, which makes battery-powered applications problematic, if not impossible. Here we demonstrate an organic circuit with very low power consumption that uses a self-assembled monolayer gate dielectric and two different air-stable molecular semiconductors (pentacene and hexadecafluorocopperphthalocyanine, F16CuPc). The monolayer dielectric is grown on patterned metal gates at room temperature and is optimized to provide a large gate capacitance and low gate leakage currents. By combining low-voltage p-channel and n-channel organic thin-film transistors in a complementary circuit design, the static currents are reduced to below 100 pA per logic gate. We have fabricated complementary inverters, NAND gates, and ring oscillators that operate with supply voltages between 1.5 and 3 V and have a static power consumption of less than 1 nW per logic gate. These organic circuits are thus well suited for battery-powered systems such as portable display devices and large-surface sensor networks as well as for radio-frequency identification tags with extended operating range.     

2002—2011年吐鲁番地区人类活动强度变化分析

根据吐鲁番地区社会文化、经济、自然禀赋的具体特点,建立了人类活动强度分析评价的指标体系。利用吐鲁番地区2002—2011年的相关统计资料数据,采用变异系数法和权重加权法计算了2002—2011年吐鲁番地区人类活动强度指数。从结果来看,10年来吐鲁番地区的人类活动强度指数从0.127到0.756,10年间增长了近6倍。其中鄯善县成为全区人类活动强度最强的地区,吐鲁番市和托克逊县人类活动强度呈现出持续增强的趋势。从各指标权重和人类活动强度变化情况分析得出:影响人类活动强度的主要因子是人类各种经济活动,尤其是荒地开垦、全社会固定资产投资、产业结构调整等方面。因此,根据吐鲁番地区水资源短缺、生态环境脆弱的现状,在进行各种经济活动时,要将维护生态稳定作为经济活动的前提,降低人类活动对自然环境负面的扰动程度,以维护社会经济系统和生态系统的健康、稳定发展。     

且末绿洲耕地变化与驱动力研究

利用且末绿洲多年的调查资料和统计资料,对该地区耕地资源利用和变化的基本特征、数量变化的基本过程、空间差异以及耕地变化主要驱动因子进行了分析.结果表明:近20年来,且末绿洲耕地面积呈不断扩大趋势,由于人口的持续增长造成人均耕地面积呈现下降的态势;且末绿洲耕地变化的主要因素是社会经济的发展,从单一因子考虑主要是由于人口数量增加的驱动.对于且末绿洲的可持续发展,认为应该进一步做好农业产业结构优化,加快城市化进程,加强生态环境的建设工作.图1,表4,参17.     

且末绿洲系统稳定性影响因子初探

绿洲系统是干旱区的脆弱系统。争取绿洲系统向稳定性、有序化方向发展是干旱地区人类生存和发展所追求的基础目标。干旱区绿洲稳定性的本质含义是绿洲系统与绿洲周边生态系统的可持续发展。维护绿洲稳定性是一项系统工程．保护绿洲系统的稳定性、恢复交错带环境，同时处理好绿洲开发建设用水与生态用水的关系，保持一定的耕地和有效防治绿洲土地退化，在此基础上寻求高效开发、集约经营、协调发展的模式，搞好稳定性系统设计，以便加强绿洲生态系统管理。图2，表3，参12。     

新疆8个地域维吾尔族群线粒体DNA V区9 bp缺失频率与Y染色体DYS287位点多态性研究

 为研究新疆8个地域维吾尔族群体的线粒体DNA 9 bp序列缺失频率与Y染色体DYS287位点多态性,分别采用PCR扩增直接测序法和PCR结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测法对群线粒体DNA 9 bp缺失频率与Y 染色体DYS287位点多态性进行分析。结果表明在新疆的喀什、和田、库车、且木、哈密、吐鲁番、伊梨和尉梨县的240个无关现代维吾尔族群体中,线粒体DNA 9 bp缺失频率为3.3%,3.3%,6.6%,3.3%,6.6%,3.3%,3.3%,10%。在180个无关现代维吾尔族群男性个体中Y染色体DYS287位点全部显示为YAP-,没有显示为YAP＋。结果提示新疆不同地域现代维吾尔族群体的线粒体DNA 9 bp缺失频率相当低,9 bp缺失不是现代维吾尔族的母系遗传传结构特征,而且不同地域维吾尔族群体线粒体DNA 9 bp缺失频率没有显著性的差异。父系遗传结构单一, YAP+不是现代维吾尔族群体的父系遗传特征。研究获得了新疆不同地域维吾尔族群体的线粒体DNA 9 bp序列缺失频率与Y染色体DYS287位点多态性数据,为不同地域维吾尔族群体遗传关系的分析,法医鉴定及不同地域维吾尔族群体之间的起源关系差异提供了一定的遗传背景资料。     

吐鲁番水资源脆弱性分析

基于函数法,结合《新疆水资源公报》等统计资料和相关实地调查数据,对吐鲁番地区水资源脆弱性进行研究。结果表明,该地区水资源脆弱性极强,除吐鲁番市区和鄯善县(也属于极脆弱状态)外,其他地区水资源脆弱性已经超出阈值。极强的水资源脆弱性已经影响到了该地区经济社会发展,减弱其脆弱性刻不容缓。     

Genetic consequences of postglacial colonization by the endemic Yarkand hare （Lepus yarkandensis） of the arid Tarim Basin

Orogenesis of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,which occurred in a stepwise manner,contributed to the extreme aridity of the Tarim Basin,resulting in vulnerable and unstable ecosystems.Quaternary climatic oscillations may have affected the ecosystems and,consequently,the distributions and genetic structuring of the Tarim Basin’s biota.We used nucleotide sequence data from 2 mitochondrial (mt) DNA genes (Cyt b and the D-loop) to test hypotheses associated with the matrilineal and demographical histories of the Tarim Basin’s endemic Yarkand hare (Lepus yarkandensis).Range-wide sampling involving 20 populations and 224 individuals detected 126 haplotypes that clustered into 5 major lineages in both the phylogenetic tree and median-joining network.Populations from the northern and eastern Tarim Basin shared a similar history,as did those from the western and southern regions.Demographical analysis and genetic diversity estimations suggested that the western and southern regions might have served as glacial refugia for the Yarkand hare during Quaternary climatic oscillations.The distribution of the Yarkand hare,especially in the northern and eastern parts,probably represented 3 postglacial colonization events,dated to 0.21,0.090 and 0.054 MYA,which corresponded to known interglacial periods.Given the relatively complete geographic isolation between the eastern and southern populations,the Yarkand hare likely dispersed during postglacial periods from the southwest to the north,and then onward to the east.The absence of water likely forced the species into refugia,and this differed from other Pleistocene biogeographical drivers.The demographical and historical patterns have important implications for conservation.     

虚拟水理论及其在新疆的应用

虚拟水是解决水资源短缺问题和水资源安全问题的新概念,是指生产商品和服务所需要的水资源数量;虚拟水战略是指缺水国家或地区通过贸易的方式从富水国家或地区购买水密集型产品(粮食)来获得本地水和粮食的安全。引入虚拟水的概念,介绍虚拟水战略及虚拟水的计算方法,通过计算新疆1990~2004年间农产品单位质量虚拟水含量,为干旱地区解决水资源短缺问题提供新思路,并提出了应用虚拟水战略的前景和建议。图4,表1,参19。     

Low-voltage organic transistors with an amorphous molecular gate dielectric

Organic thin film transistors (TFTs) are of interest for a variety of large-area electronic applications, such as displays, sensors and electronic barcodes. One of the key problems with existing organic TFTs is their large operating voltage, which often exceeds 20 V. This is due to poor capacitive coupling through relatively thick gate dielectric layers: these dielectrics are usually either inorganic oxides or nitrides, or insulating polymers, and are often thicker than 100 nm to minimize gate leakage currents. Here we demonstrate a manufacturing process for TFTs with a 2.5-nm-thick molecular self-assembled monolayer (SAM) gate dielectric and a high-mobility organic semiconductor (pentacene). These TFTs operate with supply voltages of less than 2 V, yet have gate currents that are lower than those of advanced silicon field-effect transistors with SiO2 dielectrics. These results should therefore increase the prospects of using organic TFTs in low-power applications (such as portable devices). Moreover, molecular SAMs may even be of interest for advanced silicon transistors where the continued reduction in dielectric thickness leads to ever greater gate leakage and power dissipation.     

流动人口与乌鲁木齐市的社会经济发展

随着社会主义经济的发展，经济体制改革和对外开放政策的实施，乌鲁木齐市社会经济得到迅速发展，从而导致乌鲁木齐市流动人口迅速增长，并对乌鲁木齐市社会经济带来了巨大影响。1990年乌鲁木齐市流动人口数量为156465人，1998年达251458人，1999年达到264850人，到2000年达到295301人。流动人口与常住人口比例为100：16。笔在分析乌鲁木齐市流动人口的现状和特点、在乌鲁木齐市范围内大量流动人口生产的原因、流动人口对乌鲁木齐城市发展的积极作用和消极影响并且提出对流动人口管理的对策。