排序方式: 共有19条查询结果,搜索用时 218 毫秒
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Optical methods for monitoring neuron activity were developed because these methods lend themselves to simultaneous multiple-site measurements. With the use of new voltage-sensitive dyes, the dye-related pharmacology and photodynamic damage appear to be relatively unimportant. Using multiple-site measurements made with a 124-element photodiode array, we estimated that approximately 30 of the 200 neurons present in the Navanax buccal ganglion make action potentials during feeding and that approximately 300 of the 1100 neurons present in the Aplysia abdominal ganglion are active during the gill-withdrawal reflex. The fact that a light mechanical touch to the siphon skin activated such a large number of neurons in the abdominal ganglion suggests that understanding the neuronal basis of the gill-withdrawal reflex and its behavioral plasticity may be forbiddingly difficult. 相似文献
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Mark A.London Thomas H.Holzer Timothy J.Eveleigh Shahryar Sarkani 《系统科学与系统工程学报(英文版)》2014,(4):377-403
Contemporary system maturity assessment approaches have failed to provide robust quantitative system evaluations resulting in increased program costs and developmental risks.Standard assessment metrics,such as Technology Readiness Levels(TRL),do not sufficiently evaluate increasingly complex systems.The System Readiness Level(SRL)is a newly developed system development metric that is a mathematical function of TRL and Integration Readiness Level(IRL) values for the components and connections of a particular system.SRL acceptance has been hindered because of concerns over SRL mathematical operations that may lead to inaccurate system readiness assessments.These inaccurate system readiness assessments are called readiness reversals.A new SRL calculation method using incidence matrices is proposed to alleviate these mathematical concerns.The presence of SRL readiness reversal is modeled for four SRL calculation methods across several system configurations.Logistic regression analysis demonstrates that the proposed Incidence Matrix SRL(IMSRL)method has a decreased presence of readiness reversal than other approaches suggested in the literature.Viable SRL methods will foster greater SRL adoption by systems engineering professionals and will support system development risk reduction goals. 相似文献
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Chapman HN Hau-Riege SP Bogan MJ Bajt S Barty A Boutet S Marchesini S Frank M Woods BW Benner WH London RA Rohner U Szöke A Spiller E Möller T Bostedt C Shapiro DA Kuhlmann M Treusch R Plönjes E Burmeister F Bergh M Caleman C Huldt G Seibert MM Hajdu J 《Nature》2007,448(7154):676-679
Extremely intense and ultrafast X-ray pulses from free-electron lasers offer unique opportunities to study fundamental aspects of complex transient phenomena in materials. Ultrafast time-resolved methods usually require highly synchronized pulses to initiate a transition and then probe it after a precisely defined time delay. In the X-ray regime, these methods are challenging because they require complex optical systems and diagnostics. Here we propose and apply a simple holographic measurement scheme, inspired by Newton's 'dusty mirror' experiment, to monitor the X-ray-induced explosion of microscopic objects. The sample is placed near an X-ray mirror; after the pulse traverses the sample, triggering the reaction, it is reflected back onto the sample by the mirror to probe this reaction. The delay is encoded in the resulting diffraction pattern to an accuracy of one femtosecond, and the structural change is holographically recorded with high resolution. We apply the technique to monitor the dynamics of polystyrene spheres in intense free-electron-laser pulses, and observe an explosion occurring well after the initial pulse. Our results support the notion that X-ray flash imaging can be used to achieve high resolution, beyond radiation damage limits for biological samples. With upcoming ultrafast X-ray sources we will be able to explore the three-dimensional dynamics of materials at the timescale of atomic motion. 相似文献
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The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
RE Thurman E Rynes R Humbert J Vierstra MT Maurano E Haugen NC Sheffield AB Stergachis H Wang B Vernot K Garg S John R Sandstrom D Bates L Boatman TK Canfield M Diegel D Dunn AK Ebersol T Frum E Giste AK Johnson EM Johnson T Kutyavin B Lajoie BK Lee K Lee D London D Lotakis S Neph F Neri ED Nguyen H Qu AP Reynolds V Roach A Safi ME Sanchez A Sanyal A Shafer JM Simon L Song S Vong M Weaver Y Yan Z Zhang Z Zhang B Lenhard M Tewari MO Dorschner RS Hansen PA Navas G Stamatoyannopoulos VR Iyer 《Nature》2012,489(7414):75-82
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Rohringer N Ryan D London RA Purvis M Albert F Dunn J Bozek JD Bostedt C Graf A Hill R Hau-Riege SP Rocca JJ 《Nature》2012,481(7382):488-491
Since the invention of the laser more than 50 years ago, scientists have striven to achieve amplification on atomic transitions of increasingly shorter wavelength. The introduction of X-ray free-electron lasers makes it possible to pump new atomic X-ray lasers with ultrashort pulse duration, extreme spectral brightness and full temporal coherence. Here we describe the implementation of an X-ray laser in the kiloelectronvolt energy regime, based on atomic population inversion and driven by rapid K-shell photo-ionization using pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser. We established a population inversion of the Kα transition in singly ionized neon at 1.46 nanometres (corresponding to a photon energy of 849 electronvolts) in an elongated plasma column created by irradiation of a gas medium. We observed strong amplified spontaneous emission from the end of the excited plasma. This resulted in femtosecond-duration, high-intensity X-ray pulses of much shorter wavelength and greater brilliance than achieved with previous atomic X-ray lasers. Moreover, this scheme provides greatly increased wavelength stability, monochromaticity and improved temporal coherence by comparison with present-day X-ray free-electron lasers. The atomic X-ray lasers realized here may be useful for high-resolution spectroscopy and nonlinear X-ray studies. 相似文献
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Wang K Diskin SJ Zhang H Attiyeh EF Winter C Hou C Schnepp RW Diamond M Bosse K Mayes PA Glessner J Kim C Frackelton E Garris M Wang Q Glaberson W Chiavacci R Nguyen L Jagannathan J Saeki N Sasaki H Grant SF Iolascon A Mosse YP Cole KA Li H Devoto M McGrady PW London WB Capasso M Rahman N Hakonarson H Maris JM 《Nature》2011,469(7329):216-220