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Cerling TE Wynn JG Andanje SA Bird MI Korir DK Levin NE Mace W Macharia AN Quade J Remien CH 《Nature》2011,476(7358):51-56
The role of African savannahs in the evolution of early hominins has been debated for nearly a century. Resolution of this issue has been hindered by difficulty in quantifying the fraction of woody cover in the fossil record. Here we show that the fraction of woody cover in tropical ecosystems can be quantified using stable carbon isotopes in soils. Furthermore, we use fossil soils from hominin sites in the Awash and Omo-Turkana basins in eastern Africa to reconstruct the fraction of woody cover since the Late Miocene epoch (about 7 million years ago). (13)C/(12)C ratio data from 1,300 palaeosols at or adjacent to hominin sites dating to at least 6 million years ago show that woody cover was predominantly less than ~40% at most sites. These data point to the prevalence of open environments at the majority of hominin fossil sites in eastern Africa over the past 6 million years. 相似文献
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Optimal nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry of phytoplankton 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Redfield noted the similarity between the average nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio in plankton (N:P = 16 by atoms) and in deep oceanic waters (N:P = 15; refs 1, 2). He argued that this was neither a coincidence, nor the result of the plankton adapting to the oceanic stoichiometry, but rather that phytoplankton adjust the N:P stoichiometry of the ocean to meet their requirements through nitrogen fixation, an idea supported by recent modelling studies. But what determines the N:P requirements of phytoplankton? Here we use a stoichiometrically explicit model of phytoplankton physiology and resource competition to derive from first principles the optimal phytoplankton stoichiometry under diverse ecological scenarios. Competitive equilibrium favours greater allocation to P-poor resource-acquisition machinery and therefore a higher N:P ratio; exponential growth favours greater allocation to P-rich assembly machinery and therefore a lower N:P ratio. P-limited environments favour slightly less allocation to assembly than N-limited or light-limited environments. The model predicts that optimal N:P ratios will vary from 8.2 to 45.0, depending on the ecological conditions. Our results show that the canonical Redfield N:P ratio of 16 is not a universal biochemical optimum, but instead represents an average of species-specific N:P ratios. 相似文献
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Biological and biomedical implications of the co-evolution of pathogens and their hosts 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Co-evolution between host and pathogen is, in principle, a powerful determinant of the biology and genetics of infection and disease. Yet co-evolution has proven difficult to demonstrate rigorously in practice, and co-evolutionary thinking is only just beginning to inform medical or veterinary research in any meaningful way, even though it can have a major influence on how genetic variation in biomedically important traits is interpreted. Improving our understanding of the biomedical significance of co-evolution will require changing the way in which we look for it, complementing the phenomenological approach traditionally favored by evolutionary biologists with the exploitation of the extensive data becoming available on the molecular biology and molecular genetics of host-pathogen interactions. 相似文献
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Detection of preinvasive cancer cells 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
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【目的】研究丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌在喀斯特自然土壤条件下对喀斯特先锋草本植物根系的影响。【方法】通过自然土接种AM真菌(N)、灭菌土接种AM真菌(M)及灭菌土壤对照(S)共3种土壤处理,种植喀斯特先锋植物狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)、鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)及狼杷草(Bidens tripartita),并测定它们的根系生物量、根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径、根尖数及根分枝数。【结果】荩草、鬼针草及狼杷草在N处理及M处理下具有较高的菌根侵染率,狗尾草的菌根侵染率较低。与S处理相比,M处理下AM真菌明显提高了荩草、鬼针草及狼杷草的根系生物量、根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数、根分枝数及组织密度,降低了根平均直径、比根长、比根面积及比根体积;与M处理相比,N处理明显降低了荩草、鬼针草及狼杷草的根系生物量、根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数、根分枝数及组织密度,提高了比根长、比根面积及比根体积,但对根平均直径无明显影响。【结论】荩草、鬼针草及狼杷草具有较高菌根侵染率,能与AM真菌共生获得更加发达的根系,而自然土壤削弱了AM真菌对荩草、鬼针草及狼杷草根系生长的促进作用。 相似文献
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Action research and critical systems thinking: Two icons carved out of the same log? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Morten Levin 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》1994,7(1):25-41
My intention in this paper is to make sense of the relationship between Action Research (AR) and Critical Systems Thinking (CST). On the surface, the two strands of thinking do not seem to have much in common. There is hardly any common reference in texts written within each tradition. Deeper down, however, there may be common concerns. The point of departure is to focus on how professionals interact with real-world problems and to clarify the underlying values for professional practice. To facilitate a discussion on the relationship between AR and CST, a frame of reference is developed based on analyzing the meaning construction process. Based on this platform, the relationship among theory, practice, and people shapes the ground for the discussion. Within this discussion three questions are raised: (1) Is the theory understood by the people and based on their interests? (2) Are the research questions relevant for the people? and (3) Are people emancipated to act in their own interests? The relationship between AR and CST can be examined based on these three questions. In concluding, I argue for the potential of a mutual and fruitful dialogue between AR and CST. 相似文献
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Zusammenfassung An jungen Ratten wurde eine bedeutende Steigerung der Absorption vond-Glukose beobachtet, jedoch keine solche derd-Fruktose. Offenbar ist der Effekt and-Glukose ein adaptives Phänomen, verbunden mit einem veränderten Zellmetabolismus im Dünndarm. 相似文献
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