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ATP, the main biological energy currency, is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate by ATP synthase in an energy-requiring reaction. The F1 portion of ATP synthase, also known as F1-ATPase, functions as a rotary molecular motor: in vitro its gamma-subunit rotates against the surrounding alpha3beta3 subunits, hydrolysing ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta-subunits. It is widely believed that reverse rotation of the gamma-subunit, driven by proton flow through the associated F(o) portion of ATP synthase, leads to ATP synthesis in biological systems. Here we present direct evidence for the chemical synthesis of ATP driven by mechanical energy. We attached a magnetic bead to the gamma-subunit of isolated F1 on a glass surface, and rotated the bead using electrical magnets. Rotation in the appropriate direction resulted in the appearance of ATP in the medium as detected by the luciferase-luciferin reaction. This shows that a vectorial force (torque) working at one particular point on a protein machine can influence a chemical reaction occurring in physically remote catalytic sites, driving the reaction far from equilibrium. 相似文献
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Hitoshi Watarai Sayaka Wada Kazuhiko Fujiwara 《清华大学学报》2006,11(2):228-232
Introduction Optical activity is a fundamental property, which pro-vides valuable information on the structure of mole-cules and the conformation of their assemblies. There-fore, it is widely used in many fields including organic chemistry, coordination c… 相似文献
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Photocatalyst releasing hydrogen from water 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Direct splitting of water using a particulate photocatalyst would be a good way to produce clean and recyclable hydrogen on a large scale, and in the past 30 years various photocatalysts have been found that function under visible light. Here we describe an advance in the catalysis of the overall splitting of water under visible light: the new catalyst is a solid solution of gallium and zinc nitrogen oxide, (Ga(1-x)Zn(x))(N(1-x)O(x)), modified with nanoparticles of a mixed oxide of rhodium and chromium. The mixture functions as a promising and efficient photocatalyst in promoting the evolution of hydrogen gas. 相似文献
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This paper examined the forecasting performance of disaggregated data with spatial dependency and applied it to forecasting electricity demand in Japan. We compared the performance of the spatial autoregressive ARMA (SAR‐ARMA) model with that of the vector autoregressive (VAR) model from a Bayesian perspective. With regard to the log marginal likelihood and log predictive density, the VAR(1) model performed better than the SAR‐ARMA( 1,1) model. In the case of electricity demand in Japan, we can conclude that the VAR model with contemporaneous aggregation had better forecasting performance than the SAR‐ARMA model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Functional haplotypes of PADI4, encoding citrullinating enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4, are associated with rheumatoid arthritis 总被引:28,自引:0,他引:28
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Y Okada X Sim MJ Go JY Wu D Gu F Takeuchi A Takahashi S Maeda T Tsunoda P Chen SC Lim TY Wong J Liu TL Young T Aung M Seielstad YY Teo YJ Kim JY Lee BG Han D Kang CH Chen FJ Tsai LC Chang SJ Fann H Mei DC Rao JE Hixson S Chen T Katsuya M Isono T Ogihara JC Chambers W Zhang JS Kooner;KidneyGen Consortium;CKDGen Consortium E Albrecht;GUGC consortium K Yamamoto M Kubo Y Nakamura N Kamatani N Kato J He YT Chen YS Cho ES Tai T Tanaka 《Nature genetics》2012,44(8):904-909
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), impairment of kidney function, is a serious public health problem, and the assessment of genetic factors influencing kidney function has substantial clinical relevance. Here, we report a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for kidney function-related traits, including 71,149 east Asian individuals from 18 studies in 11 population-, hospital- or family-based cohorts, conducted as part of the Asian Genetic Epidemiology Network (AGEN). Our meta-analysis identified 17 loci newly associated with kidney function-related traits, including the concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate based on serum creatinine levels (eGFRcrea) (P < 5.0 × 10(-8)). We further examined these loci with in silico replication in individuals of European ancestry from the KidneyGen, CKDGen and GUGC consortia, including a combined total of ~110,347 individuals. We identify pleiotropic associations among these loci with kidney function-related traits and risk of CKD. These findings provide new insights into the genetics of kidney function. 相似文献
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Study Group of Millennium Genome Project for Cancer Sakamoto H Yoshimura K Saeki N Katai H Shimoda T Matsuno Y Saito D Sugimura H Tanioka F Kato S Matsukura N Matsuda N Nakamura T Hyodo I Nishina T Yasui W Hirose H Hayashi M Toshiro E Ohnami S Sekine A Sato Y Totsuka H Ando M Takemura R Takahashi Y Ohdaira M Aoki K Honmyo I Chiku S Aoyagi K Sasaki H Ohnami S Yanagihara K Yoon KA Kook MC Lee YS Park SR Kim CG Choi IJ Yoshida T Nakamura Y Hirohashi S 《Nature genetics》2008,40(6):730-740
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