一种适合于网络专家系统的通用理论(英文)

描述运用于工业自动化的一种自适应自学习方法。基于此方法,Ａｐｔｒｏｎｉｘ公司开发出一套通用软件工具－ＳＴＩＭＴＭ,并应用于不同工业领域。ＳＴＩＭ可用于构造各类专家系统。基于因素空间理论,ＳＴＩＭ具有一系列独特之处,比如自动化、自学习,以及自翻译。如果与因特网,嵌入式控制器以及可编程逻辑控制器等结合使用,ＳＴＩＭ则成为一个十分有效的工具,可应用于远程连通与控制、模式识别、机器故障诊断,以及自动化加工过程中的传感器数据融合     

Acetylation-dependent regulation of endothelial Notch signalling by the SIRT1 deacetylase

Notch signalling is a key intercellular communication mechanism that is essential for cell specification and tissue patterning, and which coordinates critical steps of blood vessel growth. Although subtle alterations in Notch activity suffice to elicit profound differences in endothelial behaviour and blood vessel formation, little is known about the regulation and adaptation of endothelial Notch responses. Here we report that the NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 acts as an intrinsic negative modulator of Notch signalling in endothelial cells. We show that acetylation of the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) on conserved lysines controls the amplitude and duration of Notch responses by altering NICD protein turnover. SIRT1 associates with NICD and functions as a NICD deacetylase, which opposes the acetylation-induced NICD stabilization. Consequently, endothelial cells lacking SIRT1 activity are sensitized to Notch signalling, resulting in impaired growth, sprout elongation and enhanced Notch target gene expression in response to DLL4 stimulation, thereby promoting a non-sprouting, stalk-cell-like phenotype. In vivo, inactivation of Sirt1 in zebrafish and mice causes reduced vascular branching and density as a consequence of enhanced Notch signalling. Our findings identify reversible acetylation of the NICD as a molecular mechanism to adapt the dynamics of Notch signalling, and indicate that SIRT1 acts as rheostat to fine-tune endothelial Notch responses.     

Ordinary language philosophy,explanation, and the historical turn in philosophy of science

Taking a cue from remarks Thomas Kuhn makes in 1990 about the historical turn in philosophy of science, I examine the history of history and philosophy of science within parts of the British philosophical context in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, ordinary language philosophy's influence was at its peak. I argue that the ordinary language philosophers' methodological recommendation to analyze actual linguistic practice influences several prominent criticisms of the deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation and that these criticisms relate to the historical turn in philosophy of science. To show these connections, I primarily examine the work of Stephen Toulmin, who taught at Oxford from 1949 to 1954, and Michael Scriven, who completed a dissertation on explanation under Gilbert Ryle and R.B. Braithwaite in 1956. I also consider Mary Hesse's appeal to an ordinary language-influenced account of meaning in her account of the role of models and analogies in scientific reasoning, and W.H. Watson's Wittgensteinian philosophy of science, an early influence on Toulmin. I think there are two upshots to my historical sketch. First, it fills out details of the move away from logical positivism to more historical- and practice-focused philosophies of science. Second, questions about linguistic meaning and the proper targets and aims of philosophical analysis are part and parcel of the historical turn, as well as its reception. Looking at the philosophical background during which so-called linguistic philosophers also had a hand in bringing these questions to prominence helps us understand why.     

Ube3a,the E3 ubiquitin ligase causing Angelman syndrome and linked to autism,regulates protein homeostasis through the proteasomal shuttle Rpn10

Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to a target protein, regulates most cellular processes and is involved in several neurological disorders. In particular, Angelman syndrome and one of the most common genomic forms of autism, dup15q, are caused respectively by lack of or excess of UBE3A, a ubiquitin E3 ligase. Its Drosophila orthologue, Ube3a, is also active during brain development. We have now devised a protocol to screen for substrates of this particular ubiquitin ligase. In a neuronal cell system, we find direct ubiquitination by Ube3a of three proteasome-related proteins Rpn10, Uch-L5, and CG8209, as well as of the ribosomal protein Rps10b. Only one of these, Rpn10, is targeted for degradation upon ubiquitination by Ube3a, indicating that degradation might not be the only effect of Ube3a on its substrates. Furthermore, we report the genetic interaction in vivo between Ube3a and the C-terminal part of Rpn10. Overexpression of these proteins leads to an enhanced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, further supporting the biochemical evidence of interaction obtained in neuronal cells.     

Mutations in lectin complement pathway genes COLEC11 and MASP1 cause 3MC syndrome

3MC syndrome has been proposed as a unifying term encompassing the overlapping Carnevale, Mingarelli, Malpuech and Michels syndromes. These rare autosomal recessive disorders exhibit a spectrum of developmental features, including characteristic facial dysmorphism, cleft lip and/or palate, craniosynostosis, learning disability and genital, limb and vesicorenal anomalies. Here we studied 11 families with 3MC syndrome and identified two mutated genes, COLEC11 and MASP1, both of which encode proteins in the lectin complement pathway (collectin kidney 1 (CL-K1) and MASP-1 and MASP-3, respectively). CL-K1 is highly expressed in embryonic murine craniofacial cartilage, heart, bronchi, kidney and vertebral bodies. Zebrafish morphants for either gene develop pigmentary defects and severe craniofacial abnormalities. Finally, we show that CL-K1 serves as a guidance cue for neural crest cell migration. Together, these findings demonstrate a role for complement pathway factors in fundamental developmental processes and in the etiology of 3MC syndrome.     

克拉2气田石油地质特征

克拉2气田位于库车拗陷克拉苏构造带中段, 是双重构造中呈串珠状分布的一系列褶皱中的一个局部构造. 含气层系以下白垩统巴什基奇克组砂岩为主, 其次为下第三系库姆格列木群白云岩段和砂砾岩段及下白垩统巴西盖组砂岩. 天然气中甲烷含量大于97%, 属于干气, 气源为侏罗系煤系地层. 克拉2号构造圈闭形成于西域期, 成藏期晚. 下第三系厚层膏盐区域盖层形成的良好封盖条件及其成藏期晚是克拉2大气田得以很好保存的根本原因. 克拉2气田的异常高压是由于西域期来自北部的强烈构造挤压作用而形成的.     

“名词”意义是否宽泛了点？

<中国科技术语>编辑部: 收到你们的<中国科技术语>第一期,非常感谢.读了这期文章,深感不仅是刊物名称的改动,也看到内容的拓宽与提高.     

高斯杂波中距离扩展目标的模糊CFAR检测

为提高高分辨雷达的检测性能,提出了一种高斯杂波背景下距离扩展目标的模糊检测方法。该方法采用模糊恒虚警率(constant false alarm rate, CFAR)检测器代替传统的二进制CFAR检测器,将距离单元值转换成映射到虚警空间的模糊隶属函数值,然后采用模糊积累准则进行积累,得到检测统计量。研究了模糊代数积、模糊代数和两种积累准则,推导出这两种方法虚警概率的数学解析式。仿真结果表明,高斯杂波背景下模糊代数积积累较双门限二进制积累可获得近2 dB的性能改善。同时,模糊检测方法只采用单个检测门限,具有易于调节的优点。