浑沌：它能有多少规律

40年前A.爱因斯坦给M.玻恩的一封信中写道,“上帝不玩骰子。”爱因斯坦是始终反对量子论的概率解释的,他不倦地探索着与经典力学更为直接的类比,即考虑没有概率不定性的确定过程。如今,40年过去了,没有人会惊讶:甚至在一个经典哈密顿动力系统中也存在着(chas)在物理客体规则运动的领域内,在没有人预期会有的地方冒出     

二甲基甲酰胺中Sm（Ⅲ）电化学性质及其合金膜研究

通过循环伏安法研究二甲基甲酰胺中Sm（Ⅲ）在Pt上的电化学性质,表明Sm（Ⅲ）在Pt上的还原为不可逆反应,同时测得传递系数α=0.0289,扩散系数D0=1.288×10^-5cm^2·S^-1;通过塔菲尔曲线求得交换电流密度i0=1.596×10^-7A/cm^2;对Sm（Ⅲ）在Pt上离子成核机理研究表明,Sm（Ⅲ）在Pt电极上是按三维模式扩散控制下连续成核的;用恒电位法可以制得有金属光泽、附着力好、表面均匀致密的Sm-Ni-Co合金膜,与Ni-Co合金膜相比较结构性能有所提高.     

Involvement of DARPP-32 phosphorylation in the stimulant action of caffeine

Caffeine has been imbibed since ancient times in tea and coffee, and more recently in colas. Caffeine owes its psychostimulant action to a blockade of adenosine A(2A) receptors, but little is known about its intracellular mechanism of action. Here we show that the stimulatory effect of caffeine on motor activity in mice was greatly reduced following genetic deletion of DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein of relative molecular mass 32,000). Results virtually identical to those seen with caffeine were obtained with the selective A(2A) antagonist SCH 58261. The depressant effect of the A(2A) receptor agonist, CGS 21680, on motor activity was also greatly attenuated in DARPP-32 knockout mice. In support of a role for DARPP-32 in the action of caffeine, we found that, in striata of intact mice, caffeine increased the state of phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Thr 75. Caffeine increased Thr 75 phosphorylation through inhibition of PP-2A-catalysed dephosphorylation, rather than through stimulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)-catalysed phosphorylation, of this residue. Together, these studies demonstrate the involvement of DARPP-32 and its phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in the stimulant action of caffeine.     

Phosphorylation of DARPP-32 by Cdk5 modulates dopamine signalling in neurons

The physiological state of the cell is controlled by signal transduction mechanisms which regulate the balance between protein kinase and protein phosphatase activities. Here we report that a single protein can, depending on which particular amino-acid residue is phosphorylated, function either as a kinase or phosphatase inhibitor. DARPP-32 (dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phospho-protein, relative molecular mass 32,000) is converted into an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 when it is phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA) at threonine 34. We find that DARPP-32 is converted into an inhibitor of PKA when phosphorylated at threonine 75 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). Cdk5 phosphorylates DARPP-32 in vitro and in intact brain cells. Phospho-Thr 75 DARPP-32 inhibits PKA in vitro by a competitive mechanism. Decreasing phospho-Thr 75 DARPP-32 in striatal slices, either by a Cdk5-specific inhibitor or by using genetically altered mice, results in increased dopamine-induced phosphorylation of PKA substrates and augmented peak voltage-gated calcium currents. Thus DARPP-32 is a bifunctional signal transduction molecule which, by distinct mechanisms, controls a serine/threonine kinase and a serine/threonine phosphatase.     

Nickel solvent extraction from cold purification filter cakes of Angouran mine concentrate using LIX984N

Cold purification filter cakes generated in the hydrometallurgical processing of Angouran mine zinc concentrate commonly contain significant amounts of Zn, Cd, and Ni ions and thus are valuable resources for metal recovery. In this research, a nickel containing solution that was obtained from sulfuric acid leaching of the filter cake following cadmium and zinc removal was subjected to solvent extraction experiments using 10vol% LIX984N diluted in kerosene. Under optimum experimental conditions (pH 5.3, volume ratio of organic/aqueous (O:A) = 2:1, and contact time = 5 min), more than 97.1% of nickel was extracted. Nickel was stripped from the loaded organic by contacting with a 200 g/L sulfuric acid solution, from which 77.7% of nickel was recovered in a single contact at the optimum conditions (pH 1–1.5, O:A = 5:1, and contact time = 15 min).