漂亮的心理战：触龙说赵太后心理因素的运用

《触龙说赵太后》中触龙为什么能够说服赵太后答应让长安君去齐国做人质，是因为触龙准确地把握住了太后的心理，先是巧妙地使太后放松了对自己的戒备情绪，以便两人的对话得以顺利进行，然后把握住了太后爱子这一心理，以爱子为出发点，通过合情合理的分析，指出什么是真正的爱子，一步步将爱子和利国这两件在太后和大臣们看来对立的事情统一起来，从而化解了矛盾，达到了说服赵太后的目的。     

Low-energy acoustic plasmons at metal surfaces

Nearly two-dimensional (2D) metallic systems formed in charge inversion layers and artificial layered materials permit the existence of low-energy collective excitations, called 2D plasmons, which are not found in a three-dimensional (3D) metal. These excitations have caused considerable interest because their low energy allows them to participate in many dynamical processes involving electrons and phonons, and because they might mediate the formation of Cooper pairs in high-transition-temperature superconductors. Metals often support electronic states that are confined to the surface, forming a nearly 2D electron-density layer. However, it was argued that these systems could not support low-energy collective excitations because they would be screened out by the underlying bulk electrons. Rather, metallic surfaces should support only conventional surface plasmons-higher-energy modes that depend only on the electron density. Surface plasmons have important applications in microscopy and sub-wavelength optics, but have no relevance to the low-energy dynamics. Here we show that, in contrast to expectations, a low-energy collective excitation mode can be found on bare metal surfaces. The mode has an acoustic (linear) dispersion, different to the dependence of a 2D plasmon, and was observed on Be(0001) using angle-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy. First-principles calculations show that it is caused by the coexistence of a partially occupied quasi-2D surface-state band with the underlying 3D bulk electron continuum and also that the non-local character of the dielectric function prevents it from being screened out by the 3D states. The acoustic plasmon reported here has a very general character and should be present on many metal surfaces. Furthermore, its acoustic dispersion allows the confinement of light on small surface areas and in a broad frequency range, which is relevant for nano-optics and photonics applications.     

A closely packed system of low-mass, low-density planets transiting Kepler-11

When an extrasolar planet passes in front of (transits) its star, its radius can be measured from the decrease in starlight and its orbital period from the time between transits. Multiple planets transiting the same star reveal much more: period ratios determine stability and dynamics, mutual gravitational interactions reflect planet masses and orbital shapes, and the fraction of transiting planets observed as multiples has implications for the planarity of planetary systems. But few stars have more than one known transiting planet, and none has more than three. Here we report Kepler spacecraft observations of a single Sun-like star, which we call Kepler-11, that reveal six transiting planets, five with orbital periods between 10 and 47?days and a sixth planet with a longer period. The five inner planets are among the smallest for which mass and size have both been measured, and these measurements imply substantial envelopes of light gases. The degree of coplanarity and proximity of the planetary orbits imply energy dissipation near the end of planet formation.     

物种和功能维度上贵州茂兰藓类植物多样性格局及其环境因素

茂兰国家级自然保护区拥有世界上同纬度稀有的原生性强的喀斯特森林生态系统.为阐明茂兰国家级自然保护区藓类植物多样性格局及其环境因素,在该保护区石上森林、漏斗森林、喀斯特沟谷（青龙潭）、古梅林和村落5类代表性景观设立了342个样地,系统调查了藓类植物的分布情况,计测了物种和功能多样性指数.342个样地共采集1 668份标本,鉴定到藓类植物319种,隶属106属36科.5个景观类型中,物种丰富度以青龙潭和石上森林的最高,物种多样性以石上森林最高,其次是青龙潭;功能多样性在各景观之间没有显著区别.不同的基质中,石生和树生藓类的物种多样性高于土生藓类植物;石生藓类植物功能趋异度和丰富度指数最高,树生藓类植物的功能均匀度较高.随着林冠郁闭度的增加,地面藓类的物种多样性与功能多样性均显著上升,但是随着草本盖度、土层厚度和基质湿度的增加,这些指标呈下降趋势.随着海拔的上升,石生藓类植物的物种多样性与功能多样性指标呈现上升趋势,而树生藓类呈现下降趋势.茂兰地区藓类植物的物种丰富度与功能丰富度、物种多样性与功能趋异度、物种均匀度与功能均匀度之间均呈极显著的正相关关系（p<0.001）.在喀斯特不同程度的石漠化地区,随着环境林冠郁闭度的提高,藓类植物的物种和功能多样性上升,石漠化环境的改善有利于提高藓类植物的多样性.